Self-esteem and gender

The purpose of this finding is to understand the relations between gender and self- esteem using the method of convenience sample survey Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. This survey included 6 male and 21 female college students, total n=27 to predict self-esteem levels of each gender. In this study, the PV= gender, the OD= self- report and demographic, the CV= self-esteem, and another OD= score on survey.Researchers will use data collected to analyze self-esteem levels in both male and female college students. In relation to past studies, the hypothesis for this research s that male college students have higher self-esteem than female college students. However, survey results showed no relations between scores in self-esteem and gender. We cannot predict self-esteem levels based on gender because it is not the main factor. One implication for this study is to have larger representative sample to obtain stronger validity and rule out sampling bias.Keywords: self-esteem, gender role , Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, predictor variable (PV), operational definition (OD), criterion variable (CV) Introduction Past researches have shown that self-esteem plays an important role in etermining the academic achievement and health levels of both genders. Researchers predicted that there is a relation between gender role and self-esteem. Therefore, many studies have been done to predict the possible outcome of the above hypothesis.When we try to find out if gender really does play an important role in one's academic achievement and levels of health, we can try to develop new ways to improve these conditions for both genders. Self-esteem creates huge impacts in each individual living standards and performance, for learning to compare self-esteem level in both genders will help researchers to acquire knowledge about ach gender behavior. Researchers could then apply alternative ways to analyze these behaviors and conduct further psychological studies which will benefit th e learning of people's behaviors in general.In The Relationship between Gender Type of Sport, Body Dissatisfaction Self- esteem and Disordered Eating behaviors in Division I Athletes (Milligan & Pritchard, 2006), it is shown that women with eating disorders behaviors have body dissatisfaction, and low self-esteem where as men with disorders eating behaviors only have body dissatisfaction. This shows gender is a factor that proves women do not have strong coping skills as men.Next, the article Linking self-differentiation and mental health in lower grade college students with different genders: Moderating role ot selt-esteem (Yao & explores the association between the selt- differentiation and mental health in both genders, and the results indicate that male students have higher levels of self-esteem than female students. Female students are at higher risk to not seek help for their mental health problems. However, one source disconfirmed these researchers' earlier hypothesis.From th e Gender differences in domain- specific self-esteem: A meta-analysis (Gentile et, al. 2009) hich examines gender differences in ten specific- domain of self-esteem across one hundred and fifteen studies, there was no relationship in gender differences in academic, social acceptance, family and affect self-esteem. These results rejected our current hypothesis in terms that gender is not a factor in determining individual's self-esteem levels which cause better achievement in academic and in health. To conclude, gender role has no relationship with self-esteem.Discussion Our group research finding hypothesis was not supported because we predicted that there is a relation between gender role and self-esteem. After we calculated our onvenience survey Coppersmith Self-esteem Inventory results taken from twenty seven students, both male and females college students at the age of eighteen to thirty five, here are our results: gender, OD = self-report and demographic, CV= self-esteem, OD = CSEI score on survey. Our r value is . 054, df is 25. The critical value for r at a significance level of . 05 (middle column, two-tailed on page 411) is . 3809.Our r value of . 054 is less than the above r value of . 3809. Our r value is not significant and is very close to zero. This means that there was no relation between our variables, for our results were not significant. Therefore, we found no relation between gender and self-esteem; we cannot predict participants' self-esteem based on their gender roles. The only source that would support our result finding was the last article in Gender differences in domain- specific self-esteem: A meta- analysis (Gentile et, al. 2009), which we thought it would disconfirm with our earlier hypothesis.As a result, our prediction was incorrect, for this article supported our current finding. This article indicates gender is not valid predictor variable that can be used to manipulate/calculate the criterion variable, which in this case is a tudent's self-esteem level. Therefore, gender differences have no impacts on students' academic, social acceptance, family relationship and affect self-esteem. Since we had a small sample of participants, it was hard to generalize our finding because there was not much to analyze and we also thought this factor affected our results.Besides, participants' agreement with the CSEI questionnaires did not guarantee their truthful emotions at the time they were taking the inventory because they had a handful of surveys to complete. The likelihood for participants to have responsive bias in this survey is high. For future studies, we would definitely try to get larger and equal number of participants whom would actually be a representative sample that represent both gender populations. This will help us to obtain stronger validity for the study and rule out sampling bias.In sum, we feel that understanding self-esteem levels in each individual is very important because it will help us to de velop better ways to improve our conditions and adopt new ways to cope with our obstacles. As we learn how self-esteem affects our behaviors, we will have more awareness and perception of our own selves and between both genders. It is significant to note that self-esteem has no relationship with gender because this will help people to eliminate stereotypical views tor botn genders in determining their success in academic, mental health, and physical satisfaction.

Statistics – Elements of a Test Hypothesis

Elements of a Test of Hypothesis 1. Null Hypothesis (H0 ) – A statement about the values of population parameters which we accept until proven false. 2. Alternative or Research Hypothesis (Ha )- A statement that contradicts the null hypothesis. It represents researcher’s claim about the population parameters. This will be accepted only when data provides su? cient evidence to establish its truth. 3. Test Statistic – A sample statistic (often a formula) that is used to decide whether to reject H0 . 4. Rejection Region- It consists of all values of the test statistic for which H0 is rejected.This rejection region is selected in such a way that the probability of rejecting true H0 is equal to ? (a small number usually 0. 05). The value of ? is referred to as the level of signi? cance of the test. 5. Assumptions – Statements about the population(s) being sampled. 6. Calculation of the test statistic and conclusion- Reject H0 if the calculated value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region. Otherwise, do not reject H0 . 7. P-value or signi? cance probability is de? ned as proportion of samples that would be unfavourable to H0 (assuming H0 is true) if the observed sample is considered unfavourable to H0 .If the p-value is smaller than ? , then reject H0 . Remark: 1. If you ? x ? = 0. 05 for your test, then you are allowed to reject true null hypothesis 5% of the time in repeated application of your test rule. 2. If the p-value of a test is 0. 20 (say) and you reject H0 then, under your test rule, at least 20% of the time you would reject true null hypothesis. 1. Large sample (n > 30) test for H0 :  µ =  µ0 (known). Z= x ?  µ0 ? ? v n Example. A study reported in the Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology investigated the relationship of employment status to mental health.Each of a sample of 49 unemployed men was given a mental health examination using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The GHQ is widely recognized measure of present mental health , with lower values indicating better mental health. The mean and standard deviation of the GHQ scores were x = 10. 94 and s = 5. 10, ? respectively. (a). Specify the appropriate null and alternative hypothesis if we wish to test the research hypothesis that the mean GHQ score for all unemployed men exceeds 10. Is the test one-tailed or two-tailed? (b). If we specify ? = 0. 05, what is the appropriate rejection region for this test? c). Conduct the test, and state your conclusion clearly in the language of this exercise. Find the p-value of the test. (Ans. H0 :  µ = 10; Ha :  µ > 10; One-tailed test; Rejection region: Z > 1. 645; Test score: Z = 1. 29; Do not reject H0 , GHQ score does not exceeds 10; p-value = 0. 0985) Example. A consumer protection group is concerned that a ketchup manufacturer is ? lling its 20-ounce family-size containers with less than 20 ounces of ketchup. The group purchases 49 family-size bottles of this ketch up, weigh the contents of each, and ? nds that the mean weight is 19. 6 ounces, and the standard deviation is equal to 0. 22 ounces. (a). Do the data provide su? cient evidence for the consumer group to conclude that the mean ? ll per family-size bottle is les than 20 ounces? Test using ? = 0. 05. (b). Find the p-value of the your test in part (a). (Ans. H0 : = 20; Ha : < 20; Rejection Region is Z < ? 1. 645 (one-tailed test); test score Z = ? 4. 45; Reject H0 at ? = 0. 05, su? cient evidence to say that the mean ? ll per family-size bottle is less than 20 ounces; p-value = 0) Example. State University uses thousands of ? uorescent light bulbs each year.The brand of bulb it currently uses has a mean life of 900 hours. A manufacturer claims that its new brands of bulbs, which cost the same as the brand the university currently uses, has a mean life of more than 900 hours. The university has decided to purchase the new brand if, when tested, the test evidence supports the manufacturer ’s claim at the . 10 signi? cance level. Suppose 99 bulbs were tested with the following results: x = 919 hours, s = 86 hours. Find the rejection region for the test of interest to the State University. ? (Ans. Rejection Region: Z > 1. 28) 1 . Small sample (n ? 30) test for H0 :  µ =  µ0 (known). t= This test requires that the sampled population is normal. x ?  µ0 ? s v n Example. A random sample of n observations is selected from a normal population to test the null hypothesis that  µ = 10. Specify the rejection region for each of the following combinations of Ha , ? , and n. (a). Ha :  µ = 10, ? = 0. 01, n = 14. (Ans. t < ? 3. 012, or t > 3. 012) (b). Ha :  µ < 10, ? = 0. 025, n = 26. (Ans. t < ? 2. 06) Example. According to advertisements, a strain of soybeans planted on soil prepared with a speci? d fertilizer treatment has a mean yield of 475 bushels per acre. Twenty farmers who belong to a cooperative plant the soybeans. Each uses a 40-acre plot and records the mean yield per acre. The mean and variance for the sample of 20 farms are x = 462 and s2 = 9070. ? Specify the null and alternative hypothesis used to determine if the mean yield for the soybeans is di? erent than advertised. (Ans. H0 :  µ = 475; Ha :  µ = 475) Example. A psychologist was interested in knowing whether male heroin addicts’ assessments of self-worth di? er from those of the general male population.On a test designed to measure assessment of self-worth, the mean score for males from the general population was found to be equal to 48. 6. A random sample of 25 scores achieved by heroin addicts yielded a mean of 44. 1 and a standard deviation of 6. 2. Do the data indicate a di? erence in assessment of self-worth between male heroin addicts and general male population? Test using ? = 0. 01. (Ans. H0 :  µ = 48. 6; Ha :  µ = 48. 6; Test score t = ? 3. 63 Rejection Region: t > 2. 797, or t < ? 2. 797 (two-tailed test); Observed t-score falls in the rejectio n region. Reject H0 at ? = 0. 1. Data indicate a di? erence in assessment of self-worth between male heroin addicts and general male population) 3. Large sample test for H0 : p = p0 (known). Z= p ? p0 ? p0 (1? p0 ) n For this test, sample size is considered large if p0  ± 3 p0 (1? p0 ) n falls between 0 and 1. Example. The National Science Foundation, in a survey of 2,237 engineering graduate students who earned their Ph. D. degrees, found that 607 were U. S. citizens; the majority (1,630) of the Ph. D degrees were awarded to foreign nationals. Conduct a test to determine whether the true percentage of engineering Ph.D. degrees awarded to foreign nationals exceeds 50%. Use ? = 0. 01. (Ans. H0 : p = 0. 5; Ha : p > 0. 5; Test score Z = 21. 63; Rejection region; Z > 2. 33 (one tailed test) Reject H0 at ? = 0. 01. True percentage p exceeds 50%. p-value = 0) Example. The business college computing center wants to determine the proportion of business students who have personal computers (PC’s) at home. If the proportion exceeds 30 percent, then the lab will scale back a proposed enlargement of its facilities. Suppose 250 business students were randomly sampled and 85 have personal computers at home.Conduct a test to see if the scale back of the proposed enlargement of its facilities is needed. Use ? = 0. 05. (Ans. H0 : p = . 3; Ha : p > 0. 3; Large sample z-test for proportion; test score: Z = 1. 38; Rejection region; Z > 1. 645; Do not reject H0 at ? = 0. 05. Scale back of the proposed enlargement of its facilities is not needed) 2 Example. A method currently used by doctors to screen women for possible breast cancer fails to detect cancer in 15% of the women who actually have the disease. A new method has been developed that researchers hope will be able to detect cancer more accurately.A random sample of 70 women known to have breast cancer were screened using the new method. Of these, the new method failed to detect cancer in six. Specify the null and a lternative hypothesis that the researchers wish to test. Calculate the test statistic, determine the rejection region if ? = 0. 05, ? nd the p-value, and state the conclusion clearly in the language of this exercise. (Ans. H0 : p = 0. 15; Ha : p < 0. 15; Test score: Z = ? 1. 51; Rejection Region: Z < ? 1. 645; Do not reject H0 ; Insu? cient evidence to conclude that the new method is more accurate than the one currently used. -value= p(Z < ? 1. 51) = 0. 5 ? 0. 4345 = 0. 0655) Example. The Midwest Organization of Retired Oncologists and Neurologists (M. O. R. O. N. ) has recently taken ? ack from some of its members regarding the poor choice of the organization’s name. The association bylaws require that more than 60% of the organization must approve a name change. Rather than convene a meeting, it is ? rst desired to use a sample to determine if a meeting is necessary. A random sample of 60 of M. O. R. O. N. ’s members were asked if they want M. O. R. O. N. to change i ts name. Forty-? ve of the respondent’s said †yes. Find the p-value for the desired test of hypothesis. (Ans. p-value= p(Z > 2. 37) = 0. 0089) Example. Increasing numbers of businesses are o? ering child-care bene? ts for their workers. However, one union claims that more than 80% of ? rms in the manufacturing sector still do not o? er any child-care bene? ts to their workers. A random sample of 480 manufacturing ? rms is selected, and only 27 of them o? er child-care bene? ts. Specify the rejection region that the union will use when testing at alpha = . 05. (Ans. Ha : p > 0. 8; Rejection region: Z > 1. 645) 3

Censor: regulating the digital environment is difficult and challenging Essay

Bill Hastings, the chief censor, has set forth to propose changes and modifications on the current law that regulates access to and content of video games and movies being marketed and shown to the public. Hastings went forward to ask for the support of Richard Worth, the minister of Internal Affairs in order to expand the coverage and implementation of regulation laws on video games and movies. The decision and advocacy of Hastings to modify laws on regulations of digital contents were based on his belief that current laws are superseded and do not apply to the changing dynamics of digital content. Hastings has acknowledged the exponential development of technology and digital content stating that their continuing advancement should be the same reason why regulation laws should also be adjusted. The thoughts and ideas presented by Hastings relate to the issues of evaluating and controlling technology and digital content. It is true the continuous development of technology makes it difficult to implement laws that evaluate and regulate them. With the passage of time, technology and digital content changes and transforms straying away from the authority and influence of laws that are rigid and inflexible. For these reasons, with the growth and expansion of technology, laws should also be constantly evaluated and adjusted in order for judicial branches and institutions to strictly implement sound regulations consistently and appropriately. This issue is worthy of society’s attention because it relates to the kind of digital content that the public is able to access. With various issues dug up on the certain outcomes of unregulated technology, such as pornography, piracy, adaptation of violent tendencies, exploitation, harassment, etc., society must be made aware of the need for the establishment and implementation or proper regulation laws. NZPA. (2009). Censor Wants to Regulate Online Games. Retrieved 18 Jul 2009, from Television New Zealand Limited. Website: http://tvnz. co. nz/technology-news/censor-wants-regulate-online-games-2465707 A Failure: The Vulnerability of Computer Technology to Hacking Kilgannon and Cohen, correspondents for the New York Times, have covered a Cyberwar games at West Point in New York. Among the contenders were the brilliant computer science and information technology students from various intelligence and security groups and institutions including West Point, the Merchant Marine, Naval Postgraduate School, Air Force Institute of Technology, and so on. The objective of the game was to counteract the cyber threats and challenges from the National Security Agency. Ostensibly, the aforementioned agencies decided to conduct a Cyberwar game as a means to increase their awareness and vigilance towards hacking. In addition, it was the Agency and Defense Department’s scheme in order to identify the most knowledgeable and skilled students and individuals from aforementioned security and intelligence groups and recruit them to boost the resources for national security. The strong campaign of the National Security Agency and Defense Department to go to great lengths in order to increase awareness and preparedness against hacking is a glaring evidence of the risks and threats involved in utilizing computer technology to secure national intelligence and safety. As stated by Kilgannon and Cohen (2009), the game was â€Å"Part of the Pentagon’s effort to increase the military’s capabilities. † The practices and precautions taken by the security, intelligence, and defense agencies in the United States only mean that the pitfalls of computer technology are imminent. The news may be considered a warning and reminder to society about the risks, threats, drawbacks, and problems involved with computer technology. It is a caution against the recording of personal information online since the vulnerability of computer technology to hacking makes it and the Internet unsafe mediums for communication. Kilhannon, C. and Cohen, N. (2009). Cadets Trade the Trenches for Firewalls. Retrieved 18 Jul 2009, from The New York Times Company. Website: http://www. nytimes. com/2009/05/11/technology/11cybergames. html? _r=1 Computer Technology Fails to Secure Cyberspace from Breaches In January, the National Security Agency has revealed a list containing numerous erroneous codes and sequences that would pave the way for security breaches. According to the Agency, there are various possibilities that would lead to security breaches and one of them is leaving systems vulnerable to external attacks and interventions. As the Chief Technology Officer from Veracode, Chris Wysopal said that the softwares being installed in computers should be thoroughly checked and assessed taking note of the existence of the codes and sequences written on the list. Prior to the reproduction of the softwares for computers, the codes and sequences, that proves to be dangers to the security of the system should be cancelled out. Just as the Cyberwar games conducted at West Point imply the vulnerability of computer technology to hacking, the existence and identification of dangerous codes that become the source of security breaches prove the precarious nature of the computer as a system. Apparently, the installation of security applications or softwares with protective features are not adequate in order to ensure that the information being sent and received by users are secure and that their privacy is valued and protected. The inability of computer technology to ensure safety and security is a huge error and failure. With the exponential advancement of technology, security and hacking softwares, programs, and schemes will always cancel out each other leaving the computer a technology that is always open to risks and threats. Once again, this is a warning to society about the dangers of computer technology. Being a technological tool that continuously evolves, people should realize that there will always be security and privacy risks and threats involved with the use of the computer. BBC. (2009). Dangerous Coding Errors Revealed. Retrieved 18 Jul 2009, from BBC. Website: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/technology/7824939. stm.

Motivational Problem 3 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivational Problem 3 - Term Paper Example As a result productivity level has decreased significantly so much that upper management has noticed Johns inefficiency as a team leader. The above situation can be best understood by John S. Adams equity of motivation (Adams, 1965). Equity theory holds that "motivation is a function of fairness in social exchanges," (Kinicki and Kreitner 2009, p.174). The theory explains that people are made up of their beliefs and behaviors. Any perceived inconsistency in social interchange at the workplace affects their attitudes and perception towards the organization. This in turn affects their motivation level; they will be less productive and display less corporate citizenship behaviors (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2009). Johns group has developed a pervasive Asian culture of work without John being aware of it. With Jennys domineering personality, members have started to lean towards her for guidance because they consider John as an outsider of this group due to the differences in beliefs, attitudes and culture. They can relate to Jennys perception of unfairness because they belong to similar cultural backgrounds (Asians). Thus, they only engage in work when they know she is in-charge, which undermines Johns leadership within his own group. Adams explains that individual-organization exchange relationship is the key to exchange component in organizational productivity. Through inputs like skills, creativity, training, education, and experience, employees expect exchange outputs like bonuses, pay, and fringe benefits from the organization. Other outputs may not be tangible such as status symbols, recognition, and participation in decision making, job security, and job challenge. These are equally important (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2009; Adams, 1965). This explains Jennys behaviors. John and the managements insensitivity to her inputs have made her resent her superiors and in turn her relationship with the

Strategic perspectives of Book publishing houses in Germany in light Outline

Strategic perspectives of Book publishing houses in Germany in light of the current sector structure and prospective trends - Outline Example Conclusion and Recommendations 20 References 22 Bibliography 25 1. Introduction One of the most significant and remarkable industries stimulating the economic growth is the publishing industry. In the current day context, Germany counts on more than a hundred different industries related to manufacturing, producing and service and technology sectors. Undoubtedly, these industries participating in the economic growth including the publishing industry have a great significance on the German economy. The German Publishing Industry, in a wider perspective involves several sub-divisions such as the news publishing and the book publishing sectors. Elaborating on the milieu that concentrated on the Book Publishing sector, it was witnessed to contribute a total of 9.6 billion euro to the economy in the fiscal year 2007. Therefore, the growing impact of the industry, i.e. the book publishing industry in the German economy is invariable (Magazine Dutchesland, 2008). Recognising the strengtheni ng impact and the future prospects of book publishing industry in German economy, the paper shall be aimed at the industry analysis implying various marketing approaches and models such as Porter’s Five Forces model and the value chain approach. ... For instance, the German Book Industry was recently alleged to hamper the rainforests and in turn affect the environmental balance of Asia. This evidently influenced the market growth and the industry at large affecting the production of papers from pulps. The affect was termed as strongly impulsive due to the fact that the industry in 2008 was ranked as one of the largest industries of Europe printing more than 1 billion books annually (Space Mart, 2009). Hence, it is quite evident that the book market similar to any other industry is influenced by various factors active in the macro and micro environment of the industry. These factors, henceforth, shall be discussed further in the paper with the assistance of Porter’s Five Forces and Value Chain approaches. 2.1. Porter’s Five Forces Model Figure 1: Diagram of Porter’s Five Forces Model. Source: (Smart KPIS, 2010). Relating the concept to the context of German book industry, these five influencing factors, as ca n be revealed from the above represented image, shall have a great impact on its growth trends which in turn shall also affect the major players of the book market. Moreover, the implication of the model shall be helpful in identifying the current and future trends of the industry. 2.1.1. Potential Entrants An industry in the related context attracts potential entrants due to the advantages or opportunities rendered by the industry and vice-versa. Therefore, analysing the opportunities and the challenges of the industry can provide an unambiguous outlook to identify the possibility of increase in the total numbers of potential entrants. The opportunities of the industry therefore are: It is termed to be quite successful in holding its position even

Research Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Research Topic - Essay Example Is it reasonable to allow technology to decide whether or not a particular race has the right to live and procreate? Thinking of it from a layman’s perspective, it appears that all of this is unfair. A couple has full right to decide whether or not it wants children, an individual has every right to be employed as long as his or her talents fit the eligibility for employment, a particular race has every right to inhabit the earth as do other races. Simple! Problems arise when these questions are answered from the perspective of an expert geneticist. He or she would think that a couple at risk of giving birth to a child with an untreatable disease should not bear children. A race with a recessive trait for a deadly disease should be monitored and the mating habits of its members should be modulated to avoid the multiplication of individuals with disease traits. This reasoning does not sound unfair at all! The problems become more complicated when these questions are answered fr om the perspective of a biased individual, especially one who has the power to influence or even make public policies, who may use such excuses to further his own selfish motives such as the discrimination against a particular race. It is at this threshold that technology takes an ugly turn. Genetic screening and its incorporation in public policy is a matter of widespread debate. Some of the ethical issues and controversies associated with this beneficial yet controversial biotechnological application are discussed here. The paper will introduce the technology of genetic screening, its implications and associated public policies. It will then discuss the ethical issues associated with the incorporation of this technology is public policy. The subject of ethics regarding genetic screening as public policy is vast and it is impossible to draft an exhaustive compilation, no matter how big. However, an attempt has been made here to review some of the most sensitive issues on the matter . 2. Genetic Screening – The Technology and Its Implications Consequent to the completion of the Human Genome Project and advances in the field of genetics, researchers have been successful in identifying genes related to diseases. Diagnostic tests have also been developed to detect such genes. These developments have seeded the â€Å"idea† that if genetic testing is done, it will be possible for healthy people to prevent future incidence of disease (Holtzmann and Shapiro, 1998). 2.1. Introduction to Genetic Screening and Genetic Testing Genetic testing is the process of detecting mutations in chromosomes and DNA (â€Å"Genetic Testing†, 2006). Laboratory analysis of human DNA is performed after isolating it from blood, amniotic fluid and cells in order to predict the risk of a disease, diagnose a specific genetic disease or identify if an individual is carrying a genetic disease. In addition to identifying alterations from DNA, molecular probes and functional b iochemical tests are also used to identify defective genes and proteins. This technology has been existent for almost half a century (Rodriguez, 2011). The earliest known application of this technology was for the identification of phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic disease caused by an inborn error in the metabolism, causing the buildup of amino acid in the blood subsequently leading to impaired mental function (Rodriguez, 2011). The application of this technology later on extended to the detection of sickle cell anemia,

Jhonsan&jhonsan case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jhonsan&jhonsan - Case Study Example Johnson & Johnson has used the diversification strategy for international expansion and gaining more competitive advantage in the market. It has developed over 200 companies across the globe and deployed 120,000 employees in these companies (Award, 2010). The corporate strategy aims at improving the Johnson & Johnson’s structure through proper organizational design. The design has led to the formulation of a decentralized divisional structure which has encouraged the proper flow of information. It has also enhanced working relationships between activities and functional department. Furthermore, the decentralized divisional structure has allowed different stakeholders with different skills to bring together different technologies and products. This has led to satisfying the unmet needs of customers (Award, 2010). Synergy has assisted the Johnson & Johnson to acquire sustainable competitive advantage. The CEO Weldon has come up with a decentralized divisional structure to foster synergy. He has used the structure in assessing external environment to identify a number of forces. The first one is demographic that determine how population growth have affected demand of Johnson & Johnson’s products not only across New Brunswick, USA, and New Jersey but also in 60 countries in the globe. The second one is socio-cultural factor that examine social issues such as poverty that affect the purchasing power of Johnson & Johnson’s products by the people in the globe (Award, 2010). The third one is technological factor which determines the available healthcare technology such as Cougar Biotechnology and breast implant maker. The next factor is political which examines the requirement that local and national authorities expect Johnson & Johnson to meet in supplying and handling health care products. The last one is economic factors that reveal how currency fluctuates and how it may affect the costs of