Justin Janawitz. Howell. Advanced World Literature, Gold

Justin Janawitz Howell Advanced World Literature, Gold 3 17 March 2017 Role of Theme in the Development of Oedipus Rex Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex is a classic Greek tragedy that was first performed during the beginning of the Hellenistic era of Greek history and is considered by many to be the masterpiece of Greek Tragedy. Before the play begins, Oedipus unknowingly fulfills a prophecy in which he kills his father, marries his mother, and has children with her. He kills his father, King Laius, at the Crossroads without knowing who it was, and by solving the riddle of the Sphinx, Oedipus became King of Thebes and took his mother, Jocasta, as his queen and had children with her. During the play, Oedipus is constantly searching for the murderer†¦show more content†¦Oedipus’s ignorance and desire to gain knowledge eventually leads to his tragic discovery of his identity, which leads to his exile from Thebes. Oedipus has a desire to acquire knowledge about himself, and the situation in Thebes. This desire proves to lead to the uncovering o f Oedipus as the killer, thus leading to his exile and blindness. At the beginning of the play, Oedipus strives to find out who he is and acquires information and intellect about himself. He is told he will become a blind beggar. This can be interpreted as a double entendre because Oedipus is blind of his own fate, and the fact that he is the killer of King Laius, but by the end, he is physically blind in that he gouged his eyes out upon the discovery of his mother’s death. Oedipus undergoes a transformation from being ignorant in his desire to gain information, to regretting his decision of gaining information; â€Å"The clear-eyed, commanding, intellectually impressive Oedipus of the beginning of the play does not know who he truly is and how he has acted toward his closest kin. The physically blinded Oedipus at the end, however, does know the truth about himself, and this truth paradoxically makes him a figure of awe and terrible grandeur.† (Roman et al. 365). The t heme of knowledge plays a prominent role in Oedipus Rex and helps to develop the character of Oedipus along with the

The Criminal Justice System - 2050 Words

Within Canada, the central purpose of the Criminal Justice system is to implement social control, prevent and identify crime and to prosecute those who breach the law. However, though the criminal justice system deals with all of these various components as a whole, the responsibility of each is divided between a variety of authority. The court is an area of the justice system that a significant weight of responsibility is placed upon, as the court essentially plays a multifaceted role in determining the innocence or guilt of a subject. (Griffiths, 147) Furthermore, one of the most difficult tasks asked of the courts is the principle of judicial independence. Essentially, judicial independence ensures that citizens are given the absolute right to have their cases tried by tribunals that are fair, impartial, and immune to any from of political interference. (Griffiths, 147) Therefore, through primary analysis of the criminal justice system, many observations were made of the various processes and structures of the courts. The criminal justice system, being quite complex, was difficult to analyze but within a day of court, the practices and procedures of the system were outlined with clarity. Despite the justice system containing an array of components, three main elements stood out that were actively exercised in the courthouse. These various elements include professionals known as the courtroom work group who actively facilitate all aspects of trial, the demandingShow MoreRelatedJustice Systems And The Criminal Justice System Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe criminal justice system is a complex and often uncoordinated system that operates by enforcing the law and seeking justice across countless jurisdictions. It is comprised of many separate agencies including agencies at the federal, state, and local level. Each agency has its own function and goals while operating at different levels of government. The agencies also represent different concerns and value s of the public, creating a fragmented system rather than a monolithic, unified system. A monolithicRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objectives of the Criminal Justice System as aRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1308 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system refers to the way in which a society chooses to handle all aspects of crime and punishment. In the Western world, particularly the United States, the criminal justice system is an official governmental system that focuses on crime and punishment, though some societies still incorporate a significant amount of informal social controls into their criminal justice systems. The criminal justice system covers everything from crime-prevention andRead MoreThe On The Criminal Justice System984 Words   |  4 PagesGarland (2001), view on â€Å"the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and became is a monumental failure that our states and nation can no longer afford† (p.61) Garland (2001) stated â€Å"that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of demoralization that underminedRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe criminal justice system has for long been faced by a lot of caseloads, an issue which has been heaping a lot of pressure on the stakeholders.  Ã‚  The cause of increased workload is lack of adequate resources to deal with the caseload. Some people have argued that the only way to deal with the overloads is to provide more money to the criminal justice systems so that everyone involved will be able to do the required tasks and in so doing reduce the number of cases while scholars think that the onlyRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System720 Words   |  3 Pages Victims usually adopt a subsidiary role in the courts, compared to the accused or offender (Booth, 2016). Victim-focused law reforms are open to many jurisdictions throughout Australia, and majority of systems which follow the adversarial nature of proceedings (Garkawe, 2007). The justice system aims to enforce a therapeutic structure, however, in some instances this fails to be upheld for the victim. In a sentencing hearing, an offender’s mitigating factors may reduce their sentence, thereforeRead MoreCriminal Justice System1308 Words   |  6 PagesNorways criminal justice system is doing something right. The few citizens that go to prison usually only go once. How does Norway achieve this? The country relies on a method called restorative justice, which aims to repair the harm caused by crime rather than punish people. This system is purely focused on rehabilitating prisoners. The United States, on the other hand, places focus on incarceration and incapacitation. This is w here the methodologies clash: should the criminal justice system be responsibleRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the village. The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,Read MoreThe Criminal Justice System1454 Words   |  6 Pages Our Criminal Justice System is far from perfect but it has fulfilled its design by becoming a living system so to speak. Our system is predicated upon discretion from start to finish whereas the first step in the process lies with the contacting officer. Once lawful presence has been established and probable cause for contact can be clearly articulated, the decision to make that contact rests solely with that officer. Of course, each department utilizes a form of controlled discretion, ensuringRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1305 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this course, I have learned about the many segments of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is made up of three main elements which process a case from initiation, through trial, to punishment. First a case starts with law enforcement officials, who investigate crime and gather evidence to identify and use against the assumed suspect. The case then proceeds to the court system, which evaluates the evid ence to decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the defendant

Hutu Tribe Free Essays

Hutu The mention of the word â€Å"Hutu† immediately conjures up images of mass murder from the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. The recent film Hotel Rwanda brought the horrible atrocities of that genocide to the public eye. However, it is not only in Rwanda that the Hutu have been involved in ethnic war. We will write a custom essay sample on Hutu Tribe or any similar topic only for you Order Now The country of Burundi, a neighbor to Rwanda, was the site of the first violence between the Hutu and the Tutsi. The Hutu people of Burundi have a rich culture and history that has been largely overshadowed by ethnic conflict. The Hutu are a Bantu tribe numbering about thirteen million (Newbury 2001). Traditionally the Hutu organized themselves in clans and family groups through patrilineal decent (Ndarishikanye 1998). Within these groups they practiced polygyny and bridewealth as part of the institution of marriage (McDonald et. al 1969). Like many African tribes the Hutu’s religious beliefs include the spirit world. The supreme God Imana is seen as the giver of all good while there are lesser spirits who do evil (book). The Hutu inhabit the high plateau of the central African Rift Valley and inhabited 85% of Rwanda and Burundi before the ethnic wars in those countries (CIA World Factbook). The Hutu inhabit diverse geographies. In the southeast region of the Rwanda and Burundi territory there are open grasslands which are ideal for pastoral people. In the western region of the countries there are mountains. The west is good land for agriculture because it reliably receives rainfall. In the northeast there are lowlands that are along Lake Tanganyika (Newbury, 2001). This vast array of ecologies provides different possibilities for food production or procurement. The Hutu are traditionally agriculturalist but they did get involved in herding cattle because of the closely related Tutsi tribe. The Hutu wanted cattle and the Tutsi wanted laborers. To appease both groups, agreements called ubuhake were made. These agreements exchanged the Tutsi cattle for the Hutu labor. In other words when a Hutu entered this agreement he received cattle but in return became submissive to a Tutsi owner (Louis 1963). This is one reason that the minority Tutsi rose to control economics and rule over the majority Hutu, this would later lead to ethnic conflict. The ethnic conflict between the Tutsi and the Hutu is most famous in Rwanda but the Hutu of Burundi have also been severely affected by ethnic tension throughout the years. Understanding the causes and effects of the violence is a part of understanding the history of the Hutu people. The causes of the ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi are not simply explained. In fact, in 1931 Bernard Zuure, a missionary with seventeen years of work in Burundi, noted that it was pointless to distinguish between the Hutu and Tutsi because their cultures were so similar (Zuure 1931). What then caused the separation between the two ethnicities? According to Alphonse Rugambarara the separation of identities came when there was a specific political agenda to create separate Tutsi and Hutu ideologies. These terms created animosity and dichotomist identities where there was actually little difference (Rugambarara 1990). The identities of Hutu and Tutsi were so significant that other ethnicities or social segregations became less important. The role of the Hutu as submissive to the Tutsi was engrained in society. An example of this is that in the Kirundi language (spoken by the Hutu) there is not a word equivalent to the English equality or liberty so Hutu’s could not even verbalize a desire for freedom (Lermarchand 1995). Given the strong identity associated with ethnicity in Burundi the complications behind the explanation of the 1972 genocide are understandable. To get to the root of the problem or causes of the genocide is difficult because the perceptions of the Hutu and Tutsi about the conflict are very different (Lermachand 1995). Liisa Malkki studied Hutu refugees in Tanzania who had fled from the genocide. She discovered that in the refugee camps â€Å"mythico-histories† were created. These were stories or parables that the Hutu told which constructed their history and moral truths (Milkka, 1989). These stories were not necessarily untrue or true but they served to construct the identity of the Hutu and the cause of the genocide. The Hutu were not the only tribe developing â€Å"mythico-histories. † The truth is very hard to discern among many â€Å"histories† (Lermarchand 1995). Beyond the â€Å"why’s† of the conflict we can conclude the â€Å"what’s. † What actually took place in Burundi in 1972? In the spring of 1972 on April 29th the Hutu attempted a rebellion against the ruling Tutsi. In response the Tutsi retaliated with warfare. Within several weeks roughly 100,000 people were killed in the ethnic conflict. Of the total population of Burundi 3. 5 percent were wiped out (Mikksa 1989). This was not the last of ethnic violence in Burundi. In 1993 the country saw more violence when its first Hutu president, Melchior Ndadaye, was assassinated (Lemarchand 2001). The Hutu reacted to the Tutsi murder of their president by killing an estimated 20,000 Tutsi in the two months following the assassination (Lemarchand 2001). Blame for the violence between the two ethnicities cannot be placed on one group or the other, they are both responsible. The history between the Tutsi and the Hutu is full of attack and reaction sequences. Both the Tutsi and the Hutu wanted to have, â€Å"the last word. † With a long history of violence between Tutsi and Hutu in Burundi there have been severe repercussions. The largest affect of the genocide has been the diaspora of Burundi. The conflict in Burundi created both Tutsi and Hutu refugees in search of safety. The UN Refugee Agency (UN Refugee Agency 2007) estimated in June 2007 that a total of 464,026 Burundians had been displaced from their homes. Of that group 48,144 had returned to Burundi and 396,541 were still in refugee status (UN Refugee Agency 2007) Of the refugees still in refugee status, not including internally displaced persons (IDP) the UNHCR is assisting 164,191 (UN Refugee Agency 2007). What exactly do all these terms and numbers mean? Put simply they mean that there are hundreds of thousands of people who were forced or chased away from their homes and livelihoods. The UNHCR defines a refugee as â€Å"a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail himself/herself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution† (UN Refugee Agency 2007) Under such conditions it is expected that any people group will undergo significant changes. Liisa Milkka has written a book about the refugee status of the Hutu’s in Tanzania. She spent one year in Tanzania studying two groups of refugees. Many refugees fled to Tanzania after the genocide of 1972 in Burundi. The first group lived in an isolated refugee camp and the other settled near the town of Kigoma. The town refugees tended to be dispersed amongst non-refugees while the camp refugees were concentrated all in one place (Milkka 1989). Because of these arrangements the town refugees assimilated into the town culture. They took on many identities and did not solely live as â€Å"Hutu† or as â€Å"refugees† (Milkka 1992). Naturally it was more ifficult for the camp people to do the same because they had isolated themselves from the Tanzanians. The camp culture glorified the Hutu identity as the original inhabitants of Burundi who would one day return there to reestablish their kingdom (Milkka 1989). The status of refugee for these camp people was a great thing. It made them become â€Å"a purer and more powerful Hutu† (Milkka, 1992). Th ese differences between refugee definitions of â€Å"Hutu† complicate the Hutu ethnicity further. Instead of creating more confusion and uncertainty for the Hutu there should be a movement toward unity. This is exactly the approach that the Burundi government has taken to appease the violence between the Hutu and the Tutsi. Instead of stressing differences the government wants to stress unity. By focusing on national unity, democracy, and individual rights the Burundi government has tried to dissolve ethnic tensions (Ndarishikany, 1998). Some discussion has been made about the benefit that could come from reinstating the Burundian abashingatahe (Herisse 2002), which in traditional Burundian society was a judge, moral interpreter and well respected man (Newbury, 2001). The abashingatahe served to reconcile families with communities, certify marriages, settle litigations, maintain peace, and in general speak in favor of human rights (Herisse 2002). It is argued that bringing this social force back into practice will begin to reconstruct social unity in Burundi. This may be just what the Hutu people need to come together and rebuild. The troubles of the genocides between the Tutsi and Hutu have strained both cultures. Many refugees created by the genocides in Rwanda and Burundi have integrated themselves into foreign cultures. Just an hour to the north of us there are Burundi refugees in the city of Buffalo. These refugees come to the US speaking little if any English. They eventually get jobs and become functioning civilians. As Burundians assimilate into American culture they will eventually lose some of their â€Å"distinct† cultural features. Understanding some of the history of Burundian Hutu’s and the reasons behind the ethnic conflict with the Tutsi can increase the effectiveness with which we help refugees integrate into American society. Works Citied CIA World Factbook. (Nov. 1 2007). Burundi. Retrieved Nov. 13, 2007. https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by. html#People Lemarchand, Rene. (1998). Genocide in the Greak Lakes: Which Genocide? Whose genocide? African Studies Review, 41, 3-16. Retrieved November 7, 2001, from JSTOR. Malkki, Liisa. (1992). National Geographic: The Rooting of Peoples and Territorialization of National Identity among Scholars and Refugees. Cultural Anthropology, 7, 24-44. from JSTOR. Malkka, Liisa. (1989). Purity and Exile  : Transformations in Historical-National Consciousness among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Ann Arbor: University Microfilsm. Malkki, Liisa H. (1996). Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization. Cultural Anthropology, 11, 377-404. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from JSTOR. McDonald, Gordon C. Brenneman, Lyle E. , Hibbs, Roy V. , James Charlene, A. , Vincenti, Violeta. (1969). Area handbook for Burundi. Ndarishikanye, Barnabe. (1998). The Question of the Protection of Minorities in Burundi. Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 26, 5-9, Retrieved November 8, 2007, from JSTOR. Newbury, David. 2001) Precolonial Burundi and Rwanda: Local Loyalties, Regional Royalties. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 34,. 255-314. Retrieved November 8, 2007, from JSTOR. Rockfeler, Herisse, P. (2002). Democracy, Governance and Conflict in Burundi. Peace Studies Journal. 1-10. Rugambarara, Alphonse. (1990). Conscience ethnique. Le Reveil, July-August, 35-40. The UN Refugee Agency. (daily updated). 2006 Refugee Statistics. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2007. http://w ww. unhcr. org/statistics/STATISTICS/4676a71d4. pdf. Zuure, Bernard. (1931). L’ame du Murundi. Paris: Beauchesne. How to cite Hutu Tribe, Papers

Business Sustainability Business Inter-Relationships

Question: Describe about the Business Sustainability for Business Inter-Relationships. Answer: Introduction Systems thinking are a trans-disciplinary structure for considering interrelationships rather than things. A system thinker mainly edges a problem in terms of an outline of behavior over time rather than focusing on particular events. Systems thinking approach, like other approaches, also has some criticisms. It is mainly assumed that Systems thinking is too fundamentalist. In other words, it characterizes a fundamentally technocratic outlook of business problems. The significance of this approach is that it offers people a way to approach complex and unrelenting problems more efficiently. The wicked problem that will help to define system thinking is homelessnessin Australia. It is the situation of people without a lastingdwelling, like ahouseorapartment. People who are homeless are most often not capable to obtain and uphold usual, safe, protected and satisfactoryhousing. The officially authorized definition ofhomeless diverges from country to country, or amongst diverse jurisdicti ons in the same country or region.The term homelessmay also comprise people whose most important nighttime residence is in ahomeless. The following wicked problem Homelessness in Australia illustrates the fact that Systems thinking is critical in developing solutions to sustainability challenges.Wicked problems are mainly described as a problem that is difficult or impracticable to solve because of incomplete as well as conflicting requirements. This is because stakeholders have fundamentally different worldviews as well as diverse frame to understand the issue (Haines 2016). The people, who sleep rough on the streets or under makeshift dwellings, mainly experience the problem related to Homelessness in Australia. Young children, women and families staying in refugees or crisis accommodation are considered homeless. The Australians who couch surf or stay with their friends for a limited period or stay at cheap hotels are considered homeless. Australians of all ages are likely to become homeless. However, some people are more vulnerable to homelessness as compared to others. Out of the total population, 56 percent of homeless people are male. However, the numbers of females experiencing homeless are rising significantly. Young children and people are facing homelessness excessively (Atun 2012). Refugees and shelter seekers are directly impacted by homelessness in Australia that is mainly due to poverty and social isolation. The right to work also gets restricted depending on the type of visa that the refugees hold. Homelessness also directly affects them, as most of the refugees are unable to understand the services that are allotted to them. A large proportion of people who are suffering from mental illness also face the problem related to homelessness. These people face difficulty in accessing employment as well as education and support services (Chamberlain, Johnson and Robinson 2014). According to a survey, it has been found that the primary reason that accounted for homelessness in Australia is unprepared shelter that accounted for 6 percent of homelessness in Australia. It has been found that 17 percent of the individuals are staying with their friends or relatives. In the year 2012, more than 230,000 people established assistance from specialist homelessness services. More than 25 percent of the people in Australia are facing this problem due to domestic violence. Children under the age of 12 accounts for 17 percent of homelessness in Australia. The people in Australia experience chronic homelessness that indicates significant problems (Parsell, Jones and Head 2013) The individuals who are mostly affected by homelessness are indigenous people. They face greater social and financial drawback than other sectors of the population. Low levels of education and high levels of unemployment leads to homelessness among indigenous people. Youth from alternative family types are most at risk of becoming homeless as compared to students from conservative nuclear families. Primary homelessness refers to the individual who lives without conformist accommodation. On the other hand, secondary homelessness comprises the individuals who move frequently from one impermanent shelter to a different. Secondary homelessness mainly refers to the person who stays in transitional accommodation that is provided under the Supported Accommodation Assistance Program. Tertiary homelessness in Australia refers to those who stay in boarding houses on a medium or long-term basis (Sharam and Hulse 2014). (Figure: Iceberg Model) (Source: Created by Author) The diagram shows the iceberg model that defines homeless in Australia as chronic. This is mainly because most of the people in Australia face homelessness due to lack of appropriate, stable and safe accommodation. This increases the challenge for solving homelessness. Chronic homelessness has been described as a period of homelessness for 6 months or more. The presence of abuse disorder or disability also leads to homelessness in Australia. The official figure shows that homelessness in Australia had reached the tip of iceberg. The local authorities in Australia are housing homeless families in bed and breakfast because of a chronic scarcity of appropriate private provisional accommodation. The problems are likely to get worsened in the coming years (Galamba 2013). The underlying structure of homelessness mainly includes poverty, lack of education, domestic violence, chronic gambling and poor relationship. However, Systems thinking is critical in developing solutions to sustainability challengesis not agreed largely. Systems thinking will build a relationship between problems and their causes but the relationship is not obvious. The ways it will fix the homelessness problem have inadvertent results. However, it creates a new language that helps to communicate about difficulties as well as interdependencies (Milbourne and Cloke 2013). The Australian government operates under State regulation of the NAHA states that local governments are responsible for. The local government is responsible for building approval procedure. The local government in Australia is responsible for creating a supportive environment for the individuals who are homeless or at a risk of homelessness. This is mainly executed by offering affordable housing prices as well as support for services (Australia 2012). The federal government on the other hand, should look to fund networks of local government. There is always a need to provide education as well as training to the workers and elected officials. The federal government has the scope to expand a library of best practice with respect to the local government. The local government on the other hand has the full capacity to become more concerned about addressing homelessness in Australia. The policy involves the fact that the federal government fund 15-30 pilot projects where local government where local government in Australia are unable to secure the funding. As a result, they are also not able to display a good practice. The systems that mainly get affected by homelessness in Australia are human rights. The individuals who are facing homelessness face abuses of a broad range of human rights. One of the most basic human rights is the access to safe and secure housing. The lack of connectedness with family, friends and the society also leads to homelessness. Systems thinking will mainly go beyond mechanistic processes that will acknowledge the underlying role of human drivers of intricacy and change. The system thinking process has helped a number of people to get supportive housing. This in turn, led to greater consistency across the regions in Australia. Under system thinking, the solution will take place if the initiative is taken in the form of managing housing to ending housing (Loosemore and Cheung 2015). It is very important to develop a systems thinking approach to put an end to homelessness. The government officials in Australia along with the business leaders have forged this agreement. The approach signaled a definitive shift in how the society outlook the role of temporary shelters as well as other emergency reaction services. Systems thinking won state funding and as a result, the service providers who worked independently before, struggled for foundation. System thinking helps to build a strong foundation that will lead to methodical change. This in turn, involves the engagement of varied stakeholders in the planning stage. Systems thinking maps integrate diverse viewpoints into a picture of the system and provide an understanding of the root causes of homelessness. They mainly distinguish the interrelationships among systems that include the food systems and the quality of food. They also established about the movements of the individuals and the way they determines the effort of each other. These helped to pave the way for working together and creating strategies that will eradicate homelessness. Systems thinking also facilitated societies to work jointly and support responsibility for unintentional Consequences. There many people who increase their problem every time they try to solve it. Systems thinking mainly push for a policy that allows opening a space that is used to solve homelessness problem. An individual always tries to do what he feels is correct for him but that sometimes work against him. For instance, a person might feel like waiting for the best job opportunity by rejecting the existing offers. As a result, if he does not get the god opportunity it will leave him unemployed and as a result, homeless. Systems thinking will help the people understand how they contribute to the problem and whether they have power to solve the problems (Hubert and Ison 2016). Systems thinking also commit to a compelling vision by developing strategies. This is mainly done by committing to a convincing vision and by developing and coherent a theory of change. It mainly involves being engaged in a high-quality conversation that will lead to positive consequences. The conversation will mainly involve the eradication of homelessness in Australia. This conversation is bound to bring a positive and immediate result. Applying systems thinking to homelessness in Australia affirms the consequence of integrating approaches for thinking and acting in a systematic manner. This will make a shelter director to close his facility while another person will reinvest in the organization by focusing on how to help the homeless build shelter (Arnold and Wade 2015). Conclusion It can be concluded that Primary homelessness refers to the individual who lives without conformist accommodation. On the other hand, secondary homelessness includes the individuals who move frequently from one impermanent shelter to another. It has also been concluded that the underlying structure of homelessness mainly includes poverty, lack of education, domestic violence, chronic gambling and poor relationship. The local authorities in Australia are housing homeless families in bed and breakfast because of a chronic scarcity of appropriate private provisional accommodation. With the help of this report, it has been found that 17 percent of the individuals are staying with their friends or relatives. Under system thinking, the solution will take place if the initiative is taken in the form of managing housing to ending housing. It has also been found that the presence of abuse disorder or disability also leads to homelessness in Australia. The Australians who couch surf or stay with their associates for a limited period or stay at cheap hotels are considered homeless. Australians of all ages are likely to become homeless. It has been found that Systems thinking mainly push for a policy that allows opening a space that is used to solve homelessness problem. References Arnold, R.D. and Wade, J.P., 2015. A definition of systems thinking: a systems approach.Procedia computer science,44, pp.669-678. Atun, R., 2012. Health systems, systems thinking and innovation.Health policy and planning,27(suppl 4), pp.iv4-iv8. Australia, H., 2012. Homelessness in Australia.Homelessness Australia. Web,29, pp.202011-12. Chamberlain, C., Johnson, G. and Robinson, C. eds., 2014.Homelessness in Australia. UNSW Press. Galamba, N., 2013. Waters structure around hydrophobic solutes and the iceberg model.The Journal of Physical Chemistry B,117(7), pp.2153-2159. Haines, S., 2016.The systems thinking approach to strategic planning and management. CRC Press Hubert, B. and Ison, R.L., 2016. Systems Thinking toward institutional innovation and change. Loosemore, M. and Cheung, E., 2015. Implementing systems thinking to manage risk in public private partnership projects.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), pp.1325-1334. Milbourne, P. and Cloke, P.J., 2013.International perspectives on rural homelessness. Routledge. Parsell, C., Jones, A. and Head, B., 2013. Policies and programmes to end homelessness in Australia: Learning from international practice.International Journal of Social Welfare,22(2), pp.186-194. Sharam, A. and Hulse, K., 2014. Understanding the nexus between poverty and homelessness: relational poverty analysis of families experiencing homelessness in Australia.Housing, Theory and Society,31(3), pp.294-309.

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Roman Fever essays

Roman Fever essays It is generally believed that sentimentality is something not to be played with. Love is like fire, play with it and you will get burnt some day. On the other hand, it is also assume that the higher the climb, the heavier the fall. More than often, the weapon you use to harm others turns back to hurt you. Long-standing friends do not mean that they are entirely sincere to each other. A person has his/her own self, own personality which always aims at victory and superiority over other people. The two women in their young age love the same man, or at least want him to marry them, a certain Delphin. But of course only one succeeds: Alida, but with a trick, with which Alida wants to crush her friend Grace because shes always a woman with a passion of winning her opponents. She writes a letter to Grace taking Delphins name, telling Grace to come out in the dark to see Delphin, of course without Delphin knowing it. The cold atmosphere at night could make Grace sick. This fever, together with her failure to meet Delphin generates Alidas complete victory, she thinks. But as it turns out later to be her entire failure. Receiving the letter supposedly written by Delphin, Grace writes back to him and they meet afterward. That is beyond Alidas plot. The story may end here, but Whartons technical skill leads us to another trick to make the surprise to Alida complete. That is also her complete failure: Barbara, a child born of Delphin and Graces love affair. Mrs. Slades well-assumed superiority over Mrs. Ansley is impossible for her to endure the paradox: her daughter Jenny is an angel, not as brilliant a girl as Ansleys Barbara. Mrs. Slades greatest mistake is to write a letter ton Ansley. Only an escape literature story, it is made interesting and attractive with a simple plot. The plot and characters move by themselves without the authors intervention. The structure of...

Financial Accounting Theory. Assignment 2 Essay

Financial Accounting Theory. Assignment 2 - Essay Example While accounting for sole trader and partnership are taken up only for the purposes of tax reporting, corporate accounting is widely shared across the world so that the information can be accessed by the various users who may be affected by such information. Naturally, with a wide user base, if the reporting is not done on certain specific guidelines, interpretations may widely differ thereby destroying the very purpose of reporting. To avoid such discrepancies, a framework of concepts have been developed which bind the information into understandable statements with the underlying obligation of â€Å"relevance, objectivity and feasibility† (Anthony & Reece, 1994). These concepts combined with the three golden rules of accounting viz. Personal, Real and Nominal form the language which conveys the same meaning to all the people (Shukla, Grewal and Gupta, 2008). A small description of these concepts would give a bird’s eye view on the basics of accounting language: Dual Aspect Concept: Any income is an outcome of some benefit foregone called the expense. As such, any asset is the result of liability undertaken to acquire that asset. The equation is Asset = Liabilities +Owners’ equity. Accounting Period Concept: Financial reporting has to be done for a particular period of time, usually for a year. All transactions which take place in that year have to be recorded in the books of that period. However, due to the increasing diversity of the nature of transactions, it becomes imperative that a periodical review of the set standards is taken up so that the book-keepers do not face any confusion while recording such transactions. For this sake, International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) and such account standards periodically to guide the users towards a standardized version of financial statements. After 2004, it was decided that issue of new standards are to be done only in compliance to the International

Leadership Approaches for Today's Employees Assignment

Leadership Approaches for Today's Employees - Assignment Example Some of the forms of indirect leadership style styles are Charismatic, servant, task oriented and laissez faire. Charismatic leadership is where leaders are extremely energetic in driving others forward (Daft & Lane, 2008). Employees that respond best to this leadership style are those that have had long-term commitments with the leader. An example is where the employer is the team leader of his employees in a project. Servant leadership style involves leading simply by virtue of meeting the needs of the team (Daft & Lane, 2008). It is ideal with few employees in small organizations. An example is where the employer does part of the work before his employees. Laizzes faire is where individuals do their tasks at their own pace and time. The style is ideal for employees in a less competitive environment. An example is where every employee and employers set the rules. Task-oriented leadership style focuses only on getting the job done. Employees who are hands-on thrive with this leadership style. This, in turn, can help them identify areas for development that will help them get more involved (Egner, 2009). An example is where the employer gives out the rules. The different aspects of leadership styles are charismatic, servant, laizzes faire and task oriented. Successful leadership requires incorporation of various leadership styles as management

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Macroeconomics - Essay Example Both are equally bad for the national economy. Current GDP, Inflation and Unemployment Rate The US GDP in year 2012 is estimated at 15.68 trillion. Real GDP in the US increased by 3.6 percent annually in the third quarter of 2013 over second quarter and the inflation rate is estimated at 1 percent in the month of October, 2013 that is lowest since October 2009. Similarly, unemployment rate is estimated at 7 percent in November 2013 down from 7.3 registered in the previous month (US Inflation Rate). Unemployment Rate in Past 10 years The following graph taken from the Bureau of Labor Statistics provides unemployment rates for last 10 years period in the US (Source: http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000). It is interesting to note that during boom period of economy between 2003 and 2007, unemployment rate continued to slide. Post financial crisis it began rising rapidly and went up to almost 10% during 2009 and 2010. As of now it is hovering around 7 percent. Inflation Scenario in Past 10 years The US Federal Reserve states, "Inflation is a general increase in the overall price levels of the goods and services in the economy" (Federal Reserve). The Fed takes into account several price indexes while calculating inflation. The monetary policy is governed by the Federal Reserve and it aims at achieving maximum employment, low inflation and moderate long-term interest rates. The following graph shows inflation rates for last 10 years in the US. Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/inflation-cpi It is amply clear that inflation rates vary significantly in last 10 years. During financial crisis, it touched to as low as -2 % in 2009 and prior to that it was at its peak at 6 percent in 2008. For last several quarters, the inflation rates are hovering between 1% and 2%. The Federal Reserve employs tools of monetary policy to control inflation and bring down unemployment rates as its major objectives. Monetary Policy Influences Inflation and Unemploym ent Usually, the Federal Reserve influences the federal funds rate that banks charge each other for short-term loans. These changes in short-term rates are eventually passed on to the businesses and households for their borrowing needs. Short-term rates also influence long-term rates such as residential mortgage rates, car loans etc. When the federal fund rate is reduced it triggers demand for goods and services. More demand for goods and services tend to generate more employment reducing unemployment rate that exist. Higher demand of the goods and services will also push the wage increase. Post 2007 financial crisis, the Federal Reserve took drastic steps to stabilize financial system and thereby the US economy. In this process, short-term interest rates were brought to near zero. Low interest rates aim at supporting businesses and households to finance new spending and thereby boost the economy and reduce the unemployment rate. However, in this process, there is possibility that i nflation rate would also start going up. As far as inflation rate is within the targeted rate, the Fed rate will keep using the tool of lowering the interest rate to boost the economy and generate the employment. The moment inflation starts exceeding the target rate, the fund rate will move in the reverse direction to cool down the economy and thereby control the inflation rate (Monetary Policy). Post 2007 financial crisis, when the economy was shattered the Fed resorted to the

Barclays Bank Is An International Company Marketing Essay

Barclays Bank Is An International Company Marketing Essay Barclays Bank is an international company offering banking services to its clients and potential customers i.e. those with no account but transact with people with an account with Barclays. In banking sector a customer is termed as person who has an account with the bank irregardless of whether the funds are available in that account or not. The head office of Barclays is located in London and it has many branches across the world. The main business of Barclays Bank is to offer banking services, corporate and investment banking to its clients. Barclays is the leading company offering financial services in the world. The company has been rank as a top company in terms of employment. They offer competitive salaries that have made it difficult for employees to move to other companies thus portraying a positive image. Human resource managers of various branches of Barclays Bank have contributed most to the success of the company. This has been due to motivations of employees in terms of promotions, salary increase and praising of good work. Services offered by the bank have various characteristics which includes intangibility. This characteristic of services has made it difficult for many marketers to market the services and convince the customer to buy. Effective marketers are able to sell these services despite of its intangibility. The main thing that enables these marketers to sell intangible services is that they create a picture of a service to customers and demonstrate how the services will be beneficial to them in case they make a choice to buy (Krishnan, 2009. p 200). The image of the bank is also another important element which will determine whether the customer will trust the services offered by the bank or not. In Barclays bank, the company has a good image in terms of building and has enough parking spaces for customers in their premises. Customers want to associate themselves with valuable things and thus when the bank looks smart everyone will want to belong to that bank. This is a strategy especially to customers who are looking for secured place to keep there funds. Most customers look at the appearances before making up their decision on whether to deposit their money in certain bank or not. It is also important to ensure that the banking hall is organised so as to attract many customers to buy intangible service in the bank (Kotler, 2009. p 161). Business people hate queuing in the bank because they will consider it as a waste of time. It is for this reason, that most banks have introduced ATMs in their branches so as to reduce queuing in the banking hall; customers can deposit or withdraw using their ATMs. Employees are also another important determinant of the success of the bank because they deal with customers directly. It is important that the human resource manager plans for training his employees concerning the services they offered. In most cases, it is difficult to sell the service without a person; services are commonly sold by people who understand how those services work. It is therefore important to train employees so that they can offer quality services to the customers. Lastly, the bank employees should dress in a certain code so that it is identified easily by the customers who need to be assisted in filling out the forms, or customers who might face any difficulty within the Banking hall. Furthermore, dressing in a certain manner signifies a lot to the customers in the bank. It might suggest the kind of discipline which is being maintained in the bank or it shows that employees are ready to assist at any time the problem arises. Barclays Bank normally differentiates itself from other banks in the following manner. They offer quality services to its customers and charge higher prices. This pricing strategy indicates that the company is offering quality services and are reliable. The pricing strategy used by the bank is effective because it target certain class of customers in the market. It is important to segment the market so that you can clearly identify the kind of customers you are dealing with. In most cases Barclays bank target people with average income because this is a class where many people fall. It is challenging for a bank to differentiate itself from other competitors because whenever the bank introduces a marketing strategy other banks will automatically copy. Barclays bank has managed to maintain it leadership position in the market because of the loyal customers. These loyal customers act as the advertising tool to the company because they offer referral to other customers. Barclays bank has also benefited greatly due to the high number of customers they serve in the market. The bank has been in a position to cross sell its products to the customers thus increasing it annual turnover (Gaspary, 2009. p 328) Barclays Bank offers a wide variety of account to its customers starting from children account to fixed deposit account. These varieties have given the customer a wide choice to choose from their interested field in which they invest in. It is important to offer such variety of services so that they can satisfy all classes of customers in the market they served. Furthermore, Barclays Bank has differentiate itself by implementing total quality management has part of their strategy. The company apply total quality management by concentrating on the customers needs, main goals of the bank and other parties which relates to the bank in one way or another. Application of total quality management have been based on the fact that the bank should at anytime deliver quality services for the benefit of the customers and also to attained its objective (Clark, 2008. p 80) Apart from differentiating itself from other banks through the application of total quality management the bank has benefited in this application of total quality management in various ways. The main advantage of using total quality management is the possibility of balance of interest of the opposing parties. For example the bank will be in apposition to make higher profit because there are customers willing to pay premium prices for the quality services they received. At this angle, the bank will benefit by selling its services at premium prices while the customers will be in a position to receive quality services which are worth their money. Because of total quality management, customers will receive services which will satisfy them completely. Finally, the bank can differentiate itself by positioning its products well in the market. Many banks products and services causes positioning errors in the minds of customers, these positioning errors comprised of confused positioning, under positioning and over positioning. These errors can be eliminated if the bank can carry out extensive marketing and personal selling so that the customers can receive the right information concerning the bank. It is important for the bank to differentiate its services from other competitors in terms of price, quality, and the benefits attached to the services. Bank can ensure this by introducing post purchase behaviour so that they can obtain the reaction of the customers after they have used the product. Question 2 Project management Executive summary The managers of the Wagga Independent Groceries Company (WIG) have suggested that all departments be network so that the flow of information and data retrieval will be easier. Furthermore, networking will assist the employees to deliver and serve customers in the shortest time possible because they accessing information or any other requirement they may be looking for. This report will analyse the procedures of networking and the recommendation to the manager of the company (Chary, 2009. p 119) Introduction and background Wagga Independent Groceries is a reputable company offering technological services to its customers. The company is trusted by its customers due to its quality services they offer at affordable prices. Furthermore, the company has been able to survive stiff competition in the market because of its quality services they offer which has enabled the company to build a positive image with its customers in the market (Kurtz, 2008. p 123) Findings The networking plan has been divided into four phases so that it can ensure proper installation in the company. This installation will help the departments to share some important information regarding the performances of the company. Duration Networking procedures have been divided into four phases. This phases comprised of phase one which is planning and design. This phase is expected to last for 6 weeks with activities As going on. We expect to start our project at this phase in which we will deal with technical requirements design and we will be reviewing the functional designed frequently (Polkowski, 2009. p 63). In the second phase, we will deal with preparation for installations. This is a crucial stage in which will be ordering various equipment for installation process, we will also carryout system prototyping and pre-configuration and testing. We expect all these process to last for 8 weeks and we will carryout activity B, C and D. The next step we will be taking is the installation. This will be in phase 3 and we plan to carryout installation because by then we will be having all the necessary materials in hand. We will also deal with site installation and documentation set up to ensure that all the departments are network in the company. This phase will last for 10 weeks and the activities in this phase comprised of G, E, and F. Finally, we will carryout post-installation which will comprised a lot of work such as orientation of staff on how to use the system, and then post installation review on the performances of the new system and finally, the formalization of the system in the company. This phase will also last for 7 weeks. The diagram below summarise the whole process of networking (Lawrence Kimberg, 2009. p 74) Conclusion In conclusion, the implementation process of the company will be carried out as planned because all the necessities have been put in place. Since I am a project manager, I would request the finance department to release the funds to be used in this process in a timely manner so that we can implement the project immediately as planned. According to the estimates, it shows that in case of disruption of the operation, the company will incur an average of $ 30, 000* 7 = $ 210,000. The system managers have an alternative of this, the activity H (site installation) can be taken by another company though there would be additional cost of $ 80,000, and the period will reduce to 3 weeks instead of 7 weeks. The total expenses in the second option is $ 80,000 * 3 = $ 240,000. This indicates that the option of system administrator is expensive though the time will be reduced to three weeks. The action I am going to recommend is that the management of the company should weigh a different of 4 weeks and a different of $ 30, 000. From there the management of the company will be in a position to come up with a sound decision (Karel, 2009. p 424). Critical Path Method of project planning. Executive summary This report seeks to address the project management of Wagga Independent Groceries Company which we intend to network all departments in the company so as to facilitate easy flow of information. The main aim of this report is prepared for the senior management of the Wagga Independent Groceries to review the planned process of networking the companys department. Furthermore, the report will advise the management on what is supposed to be done and the date of implementation. Introduction and background Due to complexity of the company and its heavy operation, the management of the company have proposed that the project planning be carried out before the actual implementation takes place in the company. We have chosen with my team and under the instruction of our manager to use Critical Path Method when preparing this report. Steps in critical path method of project planning To network the company effectively, there should be procedures to be followed. In this method every participant in the implementation must have clear role to carry out in the project. The following diagram shows how the implementation will be carried out. The letters (A, B, C, D, E and F) represent the activities shown in the above report. The weeks also indicate the duration taken to complete the project in every phase. In this method, there is critical part which needs to be identified and it concern the period required in order to complete implementation. The critical part can be identified by determining various parameters such as the earliest time of implementation and the expected time in which project will be completed. This is very important for purposes of mentoring the actions taken so that the actual result can be compared with the planned result (Martinich, 2009. p 89). Question 3 Plant Location The best coordinates will depends on so many factors such as infrastructure, to make the appropriate decision the manager needs to determine the demand of the materials in the company. It is not profitable for the company to move long distance when it can make less profit. There are various problems which are associated with the POM-QM for Windows especially when the places are scattered. It does not give the appropriate solution because they are based on estimation. It is better for the company to look for other alternative rather than using POM-QM for Windows. The method also requires somebody who understands the procedures well so that will calculate the relevant answers. Question 4 Transportation problem It has been tradition for central office in rural Victoria to co-ordinate all the shipment of blood into 5 hospitals. From the auditors report it shows that the manual technique being used is not cost effective. Due to this the management of the hospital has decided to implement other methods such as mathematical modelling so that they can minimise the cost. Hospital 1 Hospital 2 Hospital 3 Hospital 4 Hospital 5 Supply Bank 1 $50.00 $50.00 $100.00 $150.00 $200.00 250 Bank 2 $70.00 $70.00 $30.00 $30.00 $100.00 100 Bank 3 $50.00 $50.00 $40.00 $120.00 $150.00 150 Demand 80 120 220 50 40 Hospital 1 and 2 spend the same amount in transport in blood from the three Bank Blood though their demand varies. This means that Hospital 1 is not effective as compared to Hospital 2. In general Hospital 3 is very effective because of high demand yet they spend equal amount with Hospital 1 and 2. On the other, supply from the three Blood Banks varies with Bank 1 delivering large amount of Blood. It will be economical if the 5 hospital utilise the supply from Bank 1. Hospital should also consider the storage devices available before making it decision. The hospitals need to analyse the blood group from every Blood Bank so that those with the same blood group can consider leaving so as to reduce the expenses. They should also analyse the usage of blood in the hospital to avoid transporting excess blood to the hospital. Besides, the hospital can team up with the Red Cross that has created a blood bank for emergencies so that they can be transporting whenever a need arises in the hospital. Work Cited Clark, G. Service operations management: improving service delivery. Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2008. 3rd edn. Pp 79-84 Kurtz, D. L. Contemporary Business 2009 Update. Cengage Learning, 2008 12th edn. Pp 121-126 Martinich, J. S. Production And Operations Management: An Applied Modern Approach. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2009 5th edn. Pp 88-92 Gaspary, P. Integrated Management of Systems, Services, Processes and People in IT. Springer, 2009 4th edn. Pp 326-330 Chary, A. Production and operations management. Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009 4th edn . 117-121 Karel, R. Operations and Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century. Cengage Learning, 2009 6th edn. Pp 421-425 Polkowski, L. Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology. Springer, 2009 3rd edn. Pp 61-64 . Lawrence, P. Kimberg, R. Advances in Business and Management Forecasting. Emerald Group Publishing, 2009. 4th edn. Pp 72-76 Kotler, H. Marketing: An Introduction. Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2009 4th edn. Pp 158-166 Krishnan, R. Marketing Research, 2009. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2009 7th edn. Pp 199-201

Jonathans Swifts Real Argument :: essays research papers

Jonathan's Swift's Real Argument God only knows from whence came Freud's theory of penis envy, but one of his more tame theories, that of "reverse psychology", may have its roots in the satire of the late Jonathan Swift. I do not mean to assert that Swift employed or was at all familiar with that style of persuasion, but his style is certainly comparable. Reverse psychology (as I chose to define it for this paper) means taking arguments that affirm an issue to such a degree that they seem absurd, and thus oppose the issue. Swift, in "An Argument [Against] The Abolishing Of Christianity In England" stands up for Christianity, and based on the absurdity of his defense, he inadvertently desecrates it. He sets up a fictitious society in which Christianity is disregarded and disdained, but nominal Christianity remains. The author writes to defend this nominal Christianity from abolition. The arguments that the author uses, which are common knowledge in his time, if applied to Christianity in Swift's time would be quite dangerous allegations. Indeed, the reasons that Swift gives for the preservation of the fictitious Christianity are exactly what he sees wrong with the Christianity practiced in his time. By applying Swift's satirical argument for the preservation of this fictitious religion to that which was currently practiced, Swift asserts that their Christianity served ulterior motives, both for the government and for the people. If we are to prove that the government was using religion for selfish purposes, we must be sure that it was not serving its intended purpose, the assurance of the moral sanctity of its policies. This is quite evident in the author's comment that if real Christianity was revived, it would be, "destroy at one blow all the wit and half the learning of the kingdom; to break the entire frame and constitution of things[.]" This proves beyond a shadow of a doubt that Christianity has no influence on the government's current policies. It even seems as if the government established Church isn't completely rooted in Christianity, as the author weakly suggests that, "[A]bolishing Christianity may perhaps bring the church into danger." The ways that the government actually uses Christianity are completely selfish. One such purpose is the consolation of allies, "among whom, for we ought to know, it may be the custom of the country to believe a God." He later goes on to suggest the abolition of Christianity in peace-time in order to avoid the loss of allies. It also seems as if the government uses Christianity to pacify the commoners. Although Swift sarcastically interjects, "Not that I [agree] with those who hold religion to

Portrayal of the Gods Essay

Gilgamesh was an historical king of Uruk in Babylonia, on the River Euphrates in modern Iraq. It revolves around the relationship between Gilgamesh, who has become distracted and disheartened by his rule, and a friend, Enkidu, who is half-wild and who undertakes dangerous quests with him. In the epic of Gilgamesh and in the lives of the Mesopotamian the gods where portrayed as self-serving arrogant beings. These beings created the human race as slaves for the gods and so a human in the view of an early Mesopotamian had better do what the gods said if they wanted to live a happy life. We see gods that that do not really care about the lives of the Mesopotamian. The Mesopotamian could not depend on the safety of a strong government. The lack of a strong government was caused by many different factors and one of the main factors that brought about a weak government in the land of the Mesopotamia, was the lack of a reliable food source. The unreliable food source was due to the lack of a reliable source of farmland. Moreover, this lack of farmland was due mostly to the ever-changing rivers that surrounded the early civilizations that believed in these harsh gods. These peoples could not depend on a predictable flood pattern from the Tigris or the Euphrates. This fact above all, is the reason that the view of mean uncaring gods came about for the lives of these early people. One year a village could be right next to the Tigris but in the next year, they’ll be a mile away from the river thus destroying the type of economy that the village had in the previous year. Living with this, the people of the early civilizations blamed this hardship on the gods. These people did not think that the gods were all bad though, but just thought that they did not care about human existence because, as they believed, humans were created by many gods and for the sole service of these gods that created them. We conclude that these gods are always out to get the humans in whatever endeavor they may take up. Gilgamesh and Enkidu learn all too well that the gods are dangerous for mortals. Gods live by their own laws and frequently behave as emotionally and irrationally as children. Piety is important to the gods, and they expect obedience and flattery whenever possible. They can often be helpful, but angering them is sheer madness, and a character’s reverence for the gods is no guarantee of safety. He is rich in religious symbolism. Religious rituals in Mesopotamia involved sacrifices, festivals, sex, dream interpretation, and shamanic magic. The walls of Uruk symbolize the great accomplishments of which mortals are capable. The epic of Gilgamesh differs markedly from that of the Judeo-Christian tradition, in which God is both a partner in a covenant and a stern but loving parent to his people. The covenant promises that people will receive an earthly or heavenly inheritance if they behave well. The Judeo-Christian God represents not just what is most powerful but what is morally best, humans should aspire to imitate him. These differences are noteworthy because Gilgamesh also shares certain common elements with the Judeo-Christian Bible. The bible and Gilgamesh are written in both languages. In Oedipus Tyrannus, it talks about the Ancient Greece where a lot was not understood; science was merely an infant and everything that happened was explained as an act of the gods or fate. Gods were the pinnacle of power; existing since the dawn of time. They were immortal, omnipresent, and omnipotent. Different gods had different personalities. In this sense, the gods were anthropomorphic. Having such mastery of the world would enable them to control man’s behavior. Fate is the idea that people’s lives are predetermined and that no matter what is done, fate cannot be changed. With the gods it was used to explore events that seemed unexplainable. It is clear that a betrayal of the god’s dominance resulted in Laius and Jocasta’s education. Oedipus is the victim of both fate and circumstance. Apollo is the God behind the nebulous conspiration involving Oedipus. Oracular god hides what he reveals through his oracles. Here is evidence of the Greek theories, which contempt for the gods leads to pain and suffering. As a result he is punished in a way that is more severe than even death. There is also the fact of knowing that his mother is suffering terrible pain. In the embattle of Oedipus, fighting for his own life, the god is present as an old prediction, inescapable for sure, but acting as background for the development of facts, or better, for the discovery of what had already happened. Oedipus experiences great grief when he looks back and realizes how much he has fallen from his former perch of power. This end is not only ironic but also cruel. Arachne was so apt at weaving that she challenged the god Athene to a contest. Oedipus certainly is not one without flaws. His pride, ignorance, insolence and disbelief in the gods, and unrelenting quest for the truth ultimately contributed to his destruction. The tragedy brought this evolution in the way of analyzing the relationship between the Greek gods and man, giving the latter more freedom of action. When Oedipus was told that he was responsible for the murder of Laius, he became enraged and calls the old oracle a liar. He ran away from his home, Corinth, in hopes of outsmarting the gods divine will. Like his father, he also sought ways to escape the horrible destiny told by the oracle of Apollo. The chorus warns us of man’s need to have reverence for the gods, and the dangers of too much pride. â€Å"If a man walks with haughtiness of hand or word and gives no heed to Justice and the shrines of Gods despises, may an evil doom smite him for his ill, starred pride of heart. If he reaps gains without justice and will not hold from impiety and his fingers itch for untouchable things. When such things are done, what man shall contrive to shield his soul from the shafts of the God? †(pp. 452). Finally, the Greeks are warned that the only way to happiness is through humility and respect towards the gods. In the book â€Å"Monkey† by Wu Cheng, Sun Wukong, realized that despite his power over the monkeys, he was just like them, and was not beyond mortality. His determination to find immortality made him to travel on a raft to civilized lands where he was made the disciple of a Buddhist. Through his travels, he was able to acquire human speech and manners. He established himself as one of the most powerful and influential demons in the world and traveled into the ocean where he got the weapons that suited him. Hoping that a promotion and a rank amongst the gods would make him more manageable, the Jade emperor invited Wukong to Heaven, where the monkey believed he would receive an honorable place as one of the gods. Instead, he was made the head of heavenly stables to watch over horses. He went against the gods when he discovered what he was doing, and proclaimed himself as the great sage, and teamed up with the most powerful demons on earth. Although the heavens recognized the title of the monkey, their attempt to subdue the monkey king was unsuccessful. Wukong’s indignation turned into open defiance when he realized that he was excluded from a royal meeting that included that god and the goddess. After stealing the empress Xi Wangmu’s peaches of immortality and the Jade Emperor’s royal wine, he escaped back to his kingdom in preparation for his rebellion. Finally he proved himself equal to the best of Heaven’s generals when he defeated the army of heavens. Conclusion In the three books, it’s evident that the gods were caring and if one goes against their will, there was a repercussion for that. The gods are the pinnacle of power who takes control of all the things in the world. Different gods have different personalities and deeds. Gilgamesh learns that the gods are dangerous for mortals. Gods live by their own laws and frequently behave as emotionally and irrationally as children. Piety is important to the gods, and they expect obedience and flattery whenever possible.

Free Essays on The Zodiac Killer

The late 1960’s and early 1970’s represented a great deal of things to a great deal of people. To the San Francisco Bay area, as well as the rest of California, the late ‘60’s and early ‘70’s represented terror, fear, and death. What started out as a seemingly random, but brutal murder on the night of October 30th, 1966, turned out to be the start of a series of horrific murders that would span 2,500 suspects, 56 possible victims, and over 400 miles. On the calm, cool night of December 20th, 1968, a young seventeen year-old named David Arthur Faraday was getting ready to take a young sixteen year-old named Betty Lou Jensen on her first date. David arrived at Betty’s house, picked her up, and promptly proceeded to Lake Herman Road, a well known "lover’s lane" of the local teenagers. After a while, a car, possibly a blue Valiant, pulled up next to David’s 1961 brown and beige four-door station wagon, and a man got out. "Framed only in silhouette, the man appeared to be stocky in build and slightly heavy, with an eerie sense about him" (Tina 3). The man requested that the teens get out of their car, but they refused. Upon hearing David and Betty’s refusal, the man pulled out a gun, and fired a round into the right rear window, shattering it with incredible force. He then moved to the front of the car and fired another round into the left tire. Stricken with panic, David and Betty rushed out of the car, but the man was there to meet them. Betty was able to scramble out, but David wasn’t so lucky, as he was met with the cold, hard barrel of a gun pressing behind his left ear. "The shot made a deafening blast, as the bullet entered David’s head at a horizontal angle, blowing it apart" (Tina 3). With David out of his way, the killer turned his attention back to Betty. "He pursued her through the woods, his gun drawn, and shot her five times in the back from less than ten feet away." (Tina 3). The killer then got... Free Essays on The Zodiac Killer Free Essays on The Zodiac Killer The late 1960’s and early 1970’s represented a great deal of things to a great deal of people. To the San Francisco Bay area, as well as the rest of California, the late ‘60’s and early ‘70’s represented terror, fear, and death. What started out as a seemingly random, but brutal murder on the night of October 30th, 1966, turned out to be the start of a series of horrific murders that would span 2,500 suspects, 56 possible victims, and over 400 miles. On the calm, cool night of December 20th, 1968, a young seventeen year-old named David Arthur Faraday was getting ready to take a young sixteen year-old named Betty Lou Jensen on her first date. David arrived at Betty’s house, picked her up, and promptly proceeded to Lake Herman Road, a well known "lover’s lane" of the local teenagers. After a while, a car, possibly a blue Valiant, pulled up next to David’s 1961 brown and beige four-door station wagon, and a man got out. "Framed only in silhouette, the man appeared to be stocky in build and slightly heavy, with an eerie sense about him" (Tina 3). The man requested that the teens get out of their car, but they refused. Upon hearing David and Betty’s refusal, the man pulled out a gun, and fired a round into the right rear window, shattering it with incredible force. He then moved to the front of the car and fired another round into the left tire. Stricken with panic, David and Betty rushed out of the car, but the man was there to meet them. Betty was able to scramble out, but David wasn’t so lucky, as he was met with the cold, hard barrel of a gun pressing behind his left ear. "The shot made a deafening blast, as the bullet entered David’s head at a horizontal angle, blowing it apart" (Tina 3). With David out of his way, the killer turned his attention back to Betty. "He pursued her through the woods, his gun drawn, and shot her five times in the back from less than ten feet away." (Tina 3). The killer then got...

The variety of hoaxes essay

The variety of hoaxes essay The variety of hoaxes essay The variety of hoaxes essayThe museum of Hoax offers a variety of hoaxes which stirred the public in the past. At this point, the hoaxes depicting images of the Loch Ness monster, which are mainly unclear black and white photos depicting what was presumably treated as the Loch Ness monster. However, neither photo has been approved by scientists that means that they cannot be viewed as the evidence of the existence of the monster. At the same time, these hoaxes show the full extent to which the public was concerned with the existence of the Loch Ness monster. Basically, hoaxes are not credible for any critical mind because there are no clear photos made, while the only one made by Anthony Shiels is not credible because of the reputation of the photographer. At the same time, hoaxes are not credible because, in scientific terms, they cannot be treated as the evidence reliable enough to prove the existence of the Loch Ness Monster. In fact, there should be more evidence of the existence of the monster aside of the photos made in different time throughout the 20th century. In addition, the Loch Ness monster has become the tourist attraction and later photos are apparently fake or staged. In fact, when hoaxes are studied in details, it becomes evident that there are no clear indications that they depict the monster. For instance, if one looks at those photos without captions or without having any background information about them, one would never guess that it is supposed to be a monster depicted on those photos. This is why hoaxes of the past attempting to persuade the public that the Loch Ness monster does exist are not credible but still they stirred the public a lot and made the Loch Ness one of the main attractions of Scotland.

Berlioz Bicentennial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Berlioz Bicentennial - Essay Example With Currie sounding each drum, mallet, or "metal" to an ever-repeating rhythmic figure, various orchestral soloists and ensemble groups simultaneously define the melody or motif. Torke's expressed goal is to use these devices to get the listener "grooved into a rapturous state". Except for parts of the marimba movement, I was chiseled into an unrelentingly bored state. In this work, Torke commits an unpardonable sin: most of his forces go unheard. Specifically, the full string complement, the full wind complement, and the harp are seen busily sawing, blowing, and plucking away with only occasional audible evidence of their presence. The listener hears only the trumpets and trombones vying for attention with Currie's fearsome forward phalanx. The audience did give hearty applause at Rapture's conclusion and reportedly bought considerable numbers of its Naxos CD recording during intermission. In my view, however, they were sustaining a collective placebo effect from Torke's pre-performance address to them regarding the "sexual rapture" and related concepts. Like the 12-tone music of nearly a century ago, Rapture needs to be studied not merely heard to be appreciated.

U10a1 Life in the Universe Review Assignment Coursework

U10a1 Life in the Universe Review Assignment - Coursework Example Evolution is a natural phenomenon. Natural selection is the reason why evolution happens. In its most basic form, evolution is genetic change within a population - specifically changes in the allelic frequencies of said population. Genetic drift, natural selection, mutation, and migration these are the basic mechanisms of evolution. Evolutionary thought can be traced back to classic Greece, but it is most commonly associated with Charles Darwin. Darwin only described one of the mechanisms that now are known to guide evolution: Natural Selection. He also put forward his idea that all the species have originated from a common ancestor and changed over time to the present situation. Natural Selection is the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population and unfavorable heritable traits become less common due to differential reproduction. That is: given a certain population, those individuals who are more fit to the selective pres sure(s) by their habitat will leave more descendants than those less fit. This means that for Natural Selection to act, a population must be composed by individuals that differ in their traits. Evolution is the explanation for the development, adaptation and diversity of life, as well as the morphological similarities between different kinds of life. Darwin's Theory of Evolution: Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all related. Darwin's general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic "descent with modification". That is, complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell, as random genetic mutations occur within an organism's genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival -- a process known as "natural selection." These ben eficial mutations are passed on to the next generation. Over time, beneficial mutations accumulate and the result is an entirely different organism. Darwin's Theory of Evolution - Natural Selection: Natural selection acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations. Suppose a member of a species developed a functional advantage, its offspring would inherit that advantage and pass it on to their offspring. The inferior members of the same species would gradually die out, leaving only the superior members of the species. Natural selection is the preservation of a functional advantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Natural selection is the naturalistic equivalent to domestic breeding. Over the centuries, human breeders have produced dramatic changes in domestic animal populations by selecting individuals to breed. Breeders eliminate undesirable traits gradually over time. Similarly, natural selection eliminates inferior species gradually over time. With the proper tools, we can sample the DNA of a population to see how the abundance of a particular gene changes as the environment changes. For example, in the mangled example of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, one type of antibiotic targets the prokaryotic ribosomes. A drug that binds bacterial ribosomes blocks the ability of the bacteria to synthesize proteins. One way that bacteria can evade this type of drug is to mutate the target site. If in the

Analysis of the Pepsis and Bacardi Limons Advertisement Essay

Analysis of the Pepsis and Bacardi Limons Advertisement - Essay Example This "Analysis of the Pepsi’s and Bacardi Limon’s Advertisement" essay outlines differences between two drinks' ads. The first advertisement carefully projects the image of Pepsi as a fun drink that all members and all age groups enjoy. The men hold Pepsi bottles, as also the girls. The pepsi bottles in the picnic box further heighten the impression that it’s a drink meant for outings and is even better than beer. Another significant detail is the Pepsi icon in the shape of a ball, where the text states: â€Å"it’s the cola†, further reinforced by the football nearby on the picnic table, which further heightens the impression that this is a drink associated with fun and games. The heart shaped carving on the tree with â€Å"Pepsi and BBQ† engraved within it is a useful little detail that implies Pepsi is made for such outdoor occasions. The second advertisement is set in a bar/disco/party setting, which conveys an impression that the drink be longs in a more adult, sensual setting. The words in the advertisement convey the mood: â€Å"Mischievous, mixable, magical†. This is substantiated by the image of the sexy woman reflected in the glass of the man who holds it, implying that it’s the drink that has brought her into the palm of his hand – a magical experience. The use of mirrors, the shiny clean bar, the sparkling crystal bottles and glasses, all contribute to the impression of a magical kind of dating environment, where the drink appears to be the prop that aids the man in capturing the woman he desires.

19th Century American Imperialism & 20th Century War Essay Example for Free

19th Century American Imperialism 20th Century War Essay Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan couldn’t have said it any better, â€Å"No nation had ever become great without control of foreign markets and access to the natural resources of foreign countries† (Kinzer 33). Throughout the years, America has had an astonishing obsession with the idea of global imperialism. One can’t help but ask the following question: what sparked this sudden obsession with global imperialism? Even though there are many different factors that helped spark this sudden movement, the biggest single factor was the industrialization of the world’s major industrialist societies, such as England, United States, Japan, and Germany. The sudden explosion of industrialization sparked a huge consumption of the earth’s natural resources, and initiated the need for expansion. Throughout the late 19th century up until today, America has approached global imperialism in a number of different ways. Methods such as deception, intimidation, fear, and violence have all been used throughout the American conquest in order to expand this imperialistic society. America had to start expanding and had to take over weaker countries. See more: Homelessness as a social problem Essay Americans had to look to faraway countries, weak countries, countries that had large markets and rich resources but had not yet fallen under the sway of any great power† (Kinzer 34). This paper will primarily focus on the reasoning provided by Kinzer’s book Overthrow. America has become the imperialistic society it is today because of the rapid 19th century industrialization and the constant American hunger for natural resources, territory, and global domination. â€Å"Whether they will or no, Americans must now begin to look outward. The growing production of the country demands it† (Kinzer 33). During the late 19th century, America enjoyed a successful conquest of Hawaii, Cuba, Philippines, and Nicaragua. Hawaii, which has always embraced a history of tradition and culture, was faced with the issue of modernization. Throughout the years, Hawaii had slowly started to fall under white control. Hawaii has always been a huge producer of sugar, with one problem. The major market for sugar was in the United States, but the Hawaiians could not export as much as they would like because of the high tariffs imposed on imported sugar in the States. When the reciprocity treaty as signed in the summer of 1876, Americans started installing military and commercial bases in Hawaii. The renewed treaty however was what really displayed that Hawaii was falling under white influence. The renewed treaty gave United States control of Pearl Harbor, an extremely fine natural port. On January 14th 1893, Queen Liliuokalani made a disturbing announcement to her cabinet. She proclaimed a new constitution which stated only Hawaiian citizens had the right to vote. This meant that the Hawaiian population of Americans would no longer be able to vote. This move gave Lorrin Thurston and John Colburn the reason they needed to initiate the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, which would mark America’s first overthrow of a foreign government. The alarmed Thurston quickly wrote a letter to John L. Stevens, requesting military assistance for the overthrow of the queen’s regime. Soon after, on July 4th 1894, the Republic of Hawaii was proclaimed. During the Spanish colonization of Cuba in 1897, William McKinley was sworn in as president of the United States. McKinley did not like the idea of the Spanish in Cuba. However when talking about McKinley, Kinzer states â€Å"William McKinley believed that a self-governed Cuba would pose an extreme threat to the United States, for they might not do Washington’s bidding† (Kinzer 35). After all, the revolutionary leaders in Cuba were already talking about the social reforms and land redistribution they wanted to initiate. This greatly alarmed many American businessmen, for over $50 million was invested primarily in Cuba’s agriculture. McKinley had finally had enough and had decided it was time to use military force to end the Spanish regime in Cuba. On April 25th 1898, the Spanish-American War had officially begun. After the Spanish surrender, America started to kill Cuba’s dream of independence. In the 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain gave up all rights to Cuba, surrendered Puerto Rico and Guam, and sold Philippines for $20 million to the United States. The Platt Amendment gave the US some economic and military control of Cuba. McKinley initially only wanted to build a naval base at Manila, Philippines. Later however, he decided he would embark on a journey of Christianizing the country. This was unnecessary however, for most Filipinos were already Catholic. On June 2nd 1899, the official Philippine-American War started. The United States would win the war, and dissolute the First Philippine Republic. At this point, the United States had obtained, by force, full sovereignty over the Philippines. With Cuba, Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico under its belt, America now had access to a wide array of natural resources and an assortment of markets. However, the conquest would not end there. In order for one to understand the takeover of Nicaragua, one must understand Central America in the late 19th century. The late 19th century proved to be a strong idealistic era for Central America. Ideas of both social and political reforms were sweeping many Central nations, ideas inspired by European philosophers. These ideas were absolutely despised by the American government, for these ideas called for change. These ideas were admired by Central Americans because they all desired change. Jose Santos Zelaya became president of Nicaragua in 1893. He adopted many revolutionary changes, such as importing the automobile and legalizing civil marriage. He also had a very strong emphasis on building and expanding the country’s infrastructure. At first Zelaya and America were on good terms, for there have been talks of building a canal through Nicaragua. Later however, Panama was chosen as the building site, temporarily ending American interest in Nicaragua. As historian John Ellis wrote â€Å"To the State Department, Nicaragua was no longer a country that needed to be coddled or cared for in preparation for future usefulness, rather, it was not a country that needed to be watched carefully and kept in line† (Kinzer 60). A very strong nationalist, Zelaya was giving some of the American business based in his country trouble, which didn’t appeal to the United States secretary of state Philander Knox. What angered Knox even more was that Zelaya went to European banks to borrow money for his railroad project, not American banks. This showed the Taft administration that Nicaragua was trying not to depend on the States as much as they used to, which of course cause congressional panic. After much trouble from Knox, Zelaya finally resigned in 1909. After the brief command of Jose Madriz, Juan Jose Estrada took over the country, and the new conservative government was much admired and supported by the United States. Estrada’s coming to power marks the conquest of Nicaragua, because of America’s strong influence on Estrada’s regime. As demonstrated, the United States has always obtained a hostile approach regarding takeovers and conquest. The first overthrow took place in Hawaii where the queen was relieved of her position. Cuba was later obtained from Spain with the help of brute force and intimidation. Philippines and Puerto Rico were also obtained in the same fashion. Nicaragua’s government fell victim to an American sponsored coup, and their government was taken over by the Americans. It seems like there has always been a recurring pattern throughout American history. If you try to stand up to the US government, you will go down. If you operate your country in a way that doesn’t appeal to the US government, you’re going down. If you just happen to be doing good for your country, there’s still a good chance you’re still going down. America has always been that big bully that beats on the little kids at school, because they are just too weak to defend themselves. America throughout the 19th century was a product of a heavily industrialized society, a society that must rely on domination of other markets and other countries’ resources in order to keep expanding and thriving.

Introduction To Dc Dc Converter Engineering Essay

Introduction To Dc Dc Converter Engineering Essay ABSTRACT A bidirectional dc-dc converter is used for dc-dc power conversion applications. The power converter includes two full bridge converters This Bidirectional dc-dc converter is best for electrical vehicle applications. A bidirectional, isolated topology is proposed in consideration of the differing fuel cell characteristics from traditional chemical-power battery and safety requirements. The topology proposed in the paper has advantages of simple circuit with soft switching implementation without additional devices, high efficiency and simple control. INTRODUCTION TO DC-DC CONVERTER: DC-DC converters are devices which change one level of direct current/ voltage to another (either higher or lower) level. They are primarily of use in battery-powered appliances and machines which possess numerous sub circuits, each requiring different levels of voltages. A DC-DC converter enables such equipment to be powered by batteries of a single level of voltage, preventing the need to use numerous batteries with varying voltages to power each individual component.   1.1. BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER Fig. 1: schematic for buck-boost converter With continuous conduction for the Buck-Boost converter Vx =Vin when the transistor is ON. When the transistor is OFF the inductor in trying to maintain the current in the same direction reverses its polarity as a result of which the diode is forward biased and Vx =Vo. For zero net current change over a period the average voltage across the inductor is zero. Fig. 9: Waveforms for buck-boost converter Vin ton + Vo toff = 0 which gives the voltage ratio and the corresponding current Since the duty ratio D is between 0 and 1 the output voltage can vary between lower or higher than the input voltage in magnitude. The negative sign indicates a reversal of sense of the output voltage.   CONVERTER COMPARISON The voltage ratios achievable by the DC-DC converters is summarised in Fig. 10.We can notice that only the buck converter shows a linear relationship between the control (duty ratio) and output voltage. The buck-boost can reduce or increase the voltage ratio with unit gain for a duty ratio of 50%. Fig. 10: Comparison of Voltage ratio 1.3 BI-DIRECTIONAL DC-TO-DC CONVERTER A DC-DC converter which can be operated alternately as a step-up converter in a first direction of energy flow and as a step-down converter in a second direction of energy flow is disclosed. Potential isolation between the low-voltage side and the high-voltage side of the converter is achieved by a magnetic compound unit, which has not only a transformer function but also an energy storage function. The converter operates as a push-pull converter in both directions of energy flow. The DC-DC converter can be used for example in motor vehicles with an electric drive fed by fuel cells. A bi-directional converter for converting voltage bi-directionally between a high voltage bus and a low voltage bus, comprising a switching converter connected across the high voltage bus, the switching converter comprising first and second switching modules connected in series across the high voltage bus, a switched node disposed between the switching modules being coupled to an inductor, the inductor connected to a first capacitor, the connection between the inductor and the first capacitor comprising a mid-voltage bus, the first and second switching modules being controllable so that the switching converter can be operated as a buck converter or a boost converter depending upon the direction of conversion from the high voltage bus to the low voltage bus or vice versa; the mid-voltage bus being coupled to a first full bridge switching circuit comprising two pairs of series connected switches with switched nodes between each of the pairs of switches being connected across a first wi nding of a transformer having a preset turns ratio; and a second full bridge switching circuit comprising two pairs of series connected switches with switched nodes between each of the pairs of switches being connected across a second winding of the transformer, the second full bridge switching circuit being coupled to a second capacitor comprising a low voltage node. 1.3.3 WORKING OF DC-DC Converters In its simplest form, a DC-DC converter simply uses resistors as needed to break up the flow of incoming energy this is called linear conversion. However, linear conversion is a wasteful process which unnecessarily dissipates energy and can lead to overheating. A more complex, but more efficient, manner of DC-DC conversion is switched-mode conversion, which operates by storing power, switching off the flow of current, and restoring it as needed to provide a steadily modulated flow of electricity corresponding to the circuits requirements. This is far less wasteful than linear conversion, saving up to 95% of otherwise wasted energy. 1.3.2 BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTERS TOPOLOGIES There are many circuit topologies for bidirectional dc-dc converter. Some of them are Non isolated (Without transformer): Full bridge bidirectional dc-dc converter (shown in fig) Half bridge bidirectional dc-dc converter II. Isolated (with transformer): Full bridge bidirectional dc-dc converter ( shown in fig) Half bridge bidirectional dc-dc converter 1.3 NON-ISOLATED BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER: Fig2: Full bridge bidirectional dc-dc converter Fig 17 shows a basic circuit diagram of a full bridge bidirectional DC-DC converter. It has interleaved operation for both boost and buck modes It has smaller passive components It has less battery ripple current 1.3.2.2 ISOLATED BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER (PROPOSED CONVERTER): Fig18: lv-side current source and hv-side voltage source Fig 18 shows the circuit diagram of an Isolated DC-DC converter. This converter has the following features Simple voltage clamp circuit implementation Simple transformer winding structure and low turns ratio High choke ripple frequency (2fs) Start up problem will be present in this circuit 1.4 SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCHING: Semi conductor switching are of two types. They are 1. Hard Switching 2. Soft Switching 1.4.2 SOFT SWITCHING More recently, new power conversion topologies have been developed which dramatically reduce the power dissipated by With soft switching techniques, reduction in wasted power will often improve the efficiency of a unit by more than 2%. While this does not sound significant, it can account for a saving of more than 20 W in a 1000 W power supply. This 20 W is power that would have been dissipated by the main power transistors, the most critical and most heavily stressed semi-conductors in any switch mode power supply. Reducing the power here lowers their junction temperature, giving increased thermal operating margins and, hence, a longer life for the power supply. Not only does a soft switching power supply generate significantly less electrical noise, it achieves greater efficiency, longer mean time between failures (MTBF), and higher immunity to the effects of other equipment operating nearby. It is desirable for power converters to have high efficiencies and high power densities. Packaging and cost limitations require that the converter have a small physical size and weight. Power density and electrical performance are dependent on the switching frequency as it determines the values of the reactive components in the converter. Thus, high frequency operation of the converter is highly desired. However, operation at high frequency results in higher switching losses and higher switching stresses caused by the circuit parasitics (stray inductance, junction capacitance). The circuit topology of the proposed bidirectional isolated converter is shown in Fig. According to the power  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow directions, there are two operation modes for the proposed converter. When power  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows from the low-voltage side (LVS) to the high-voltage side (HVS), the circuit operates in boost mode to draw energy from the battery. In the other power  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow direction, the circuit operates in buck mode to recharge the battery from the high-voltage dc bus. Based on the symbols and signal polarities introduced in Fig. 2, the theoretical waveforms of the two operation modes are shown in Fig. (a) and (b), respectively. Fig42: Theoretical waveform under (a) boost and (b) buck operation Boost Mode (Discharging Mode) Operation When the dc bus voltage in the HVS is not at the desired high level, such as during a cold start, the power drawn from the low-voltage battery flows into the high-voltage dc bus. During this mode, the proposed converter is operated as a current-fed circuit to boost the HVS bus voltage. The LVS switches Q1, Q4 and Q2, Q3 operate at asymmetrical duty ratios and 1- which require a short overlapping conduction interval. Referring to the equivalent circuits for the boost mode operation in Fig. 43, the detailed operating principle can be explained as follows. Although the LVS switches subject to higher voltage stress, this is an advantage because the battery voltage is low. Because the overlapping interval for the LVS switches Q1, Q4 and Q2, Q3 is very short, the LVS transformer current flows through only one LVS switch at most time. Thus, the conduction losses for Q1, Q4 and Q2, Q4 can be greatly reduced to improve the conversion efficiency. Moreover, the LVS circuit produces a relatively ripple free battery current that is desirable for the low voltage battery. The voltage transfer ratio Mboost for the boost mode operation for the proposed dc-dc converter can be derived from the volt-second balance condition across the inductor L1 represented by (7). The current stresses of the inductor windings can be also determined as (6).The inductances of the power inductor L1 can be determined for their given peak-to-peak current ripples, ΆI1 Where ÃŽÂ » (%) is the ripple percentage of the inductor currents IL1 B. Buck Mode (Charging Mode) Operation Different from the traditional electric vehicle driving system, the fuel cell powered system needs an additional energy storage device to absorb the feedback power from the electric machine. This energy storage device may be a lead-acid battery as shown in Fig44 . The proposed circuit works in buck mode to recharge the battery from high-voltage dc bus. During this mode, the proposed converter is operated as an asymmetrical half bridge circuit with synchronous rectification current doubler to recharge the battery from high-voltage dc bus. The HVS switches Q5, Q8 and Q6, Q7 operate at asymmetrical duty ratios and 1- which require short and well-defined dead time between the conduction intervals. Referring to the equivalent circuits in Fig. , the detailed operating principle of this mode can be explained as follows. Fig44: modes of operation in buck mode While the LVS switches, Q1, Q4 and Q2, Q3, share unequal voltage and current stresses, the HVS switches, Q5, Q8 and Q6, Q7, share equal voltage stresses as (8). Then the current stresses of the HVS switches can be found as DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR KEY COMPONENTS To verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme, a 2-kW laboratory prototype operated at 20 kHz was built. The simulation and experimental results will be shown and discussed in the next section. The LVS of the design example was connected to a 12-V lead-acid battery whose terminal voltage could swing from 10-15 V. The nominal voltage on the HVS dc bus was designed to 300 V, with an operating range from 150-400 V. The design considerations Based on (5), the turn-ratio selection of transformer can be calculated as (15). The HVS device ratings can then be calculated using (8)-(10) as follows: B. Power Inductors Let the peak-to-peak current ripples be 20% of the inductor currents under full power. The current rating and the inductance of the power inductor L1 can be determined using (6)- (7) as follows: Because of the ripple cancellation on the battery current, a larger ripple current in inductor L1 and can be allowed in practical applications. Thus, the inductance and the size of the inductors L1 might be smaller. To verify the theoretical operating principles, a 2-kW design example was simulated by using MATLAB. There is a good agreement between the simulation results and theoretical analysis. In this research, a 2-kW laboratory prototype was implemented and tested to evaluate the performance of the proposed bidirectional isolated dc-dc converter.. The ripple cancellation between two inductor currents can be observed. This is desirable for a low-voltage battery. 7.1 BOOST OPERATION FOR BIDIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER CONVENTIONAL CIRCUIT FOR BOOST MODE 7.3 RESULTANT WAVE FORM: 7.3.1 BOOST OPERATION Input and Output waveform: Fig 48 CONVENTIONAL CIRCUIT FOR BUCK MODE Fig47 7.4 RESULTANT WAVEFORM FOR BUCK OPERATION : Input and Output voltage waveform Fig 49 Proposed Bidirectional DC-DC converter Input and Output Voltage Waveforms: Fig50 Fig 51 Inductor Current Waveforms: Fig52 CONCLUSION A soft-switched isolated bidirectional dc-dc converter has been implemented in this paper. The operation, analysis, features and design consideration were illustrated. Simulation and experimental results for the 45W, 20 kHz prototype was shown as per principle. It is shown that ZVS in either direction of power flow is achieved with no lossy components involved As results, advantages of the new circuit including ZVS with full load range, decreased device count, high efficiency (measured more than 94% at rated power), and low cost as well as less control and accessory power needs, make the proposed converter very promising for medium power applications with high power density.